Hybrid sorghum breeding in China: A historical review and perspectives

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is a climate-resilient C₄ cereal and a vital pillar of food and feed security in arid and semi-arid regions worldwide. In China, the development and widespread adoption of hybrid sorghum breeding have revolutionized the crop's productivity, playing a transformative role in enhancing both yield and quality. The success of hybrid sorghum, particularly through the utilization of cytoplasmic male-sterility (CMS) systems, has marked a milestone in agricultural innovation, enabling the large-scale production of high-performing hybrids. The implementation of dwarf breeding and the continuous renewals of sorghum hybrid varieties have been pivotal in driving these improvements. As we commemorate the 60th anniversary of the promotion and application of three-line hybrid sorghum, we recognize the groundbreaking contributions of Chinese researchers in advancing sorghum breeding science. This review highlights key scientific breakthroughs and systematically summarizes the evolution of sorghum breeding in China. By reflecting on both past achievements and prospective opportunities, we aim to inform strategies that will sustain and enhance sorghum's contribution to China's agricultural resilience and global food security.