Current Understanding of Biomarkers for Pre-clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease and its Approaches

Introduction: Alzheimer';s Disease (AD) progresses pathophysiologically several years before noticeable symptoms emerge, indicating a pre-symptomatic or pre-clinical phase. Early identification of pre-clinical AD requires sensitive, specific, and reliable biomarkers. This review aimed to explore and evaluate radiological biomarkers and neurochemical biomarkers for pre-clinical AD and to emphasize advancements needed for diagnostic tools that allow early detection, comprehensive assessment, and continuous tracking of AD progression. Methods: A comprehensive review of radiological and neurochemical markers in medical research. The analysis focused on their sensitivity, specificity, and reliability for detecting preclinical AD stages. Results: Identified radiological biomarkers include advanced imaging techniques (e.g., PET scans and MRI) that detect structural and functional changes in the brain. Neurochemical biomarkers, such as amyloid-beta and tau proteins, are promising indicators detectable in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and blood. Emerging technologies are improving biomarker detection accuracy, enabling the identification of AD even in asymptomatic individuals. Discussion: Radiological biomarkers, including PET and MRI, offer insights into Alzheimer';srelated brain changes, while neurochemical markers like amyloid-beta and tau proteins aid early detection through CSF and blood analysis. Advances in technology enhance diagnostic precision, enabling the identification of asymptomatic cases, crucial for early intervention and improved patient outcomes. Conclusion: Biomarker discovery for pre-clinical AD is essential for early intervention and improved patient outcomes. Continued research is crucial to enhance diagnostic tools for early detection and to track disease progression comprehensively. Future investigations must prioritize the refinement and validation of these biomarkers for clinical application.