Vaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (vNOTES): a minimally invasive approach in gynecology. A comprehensive review

Vaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (vNOTES) is an emerging minimally invasive technique that combines natural orifice access with endoscopic visualization and instrumentation. Minimally invasive surgery has revolutionized gynecologic practice by reducing postoperative morbidity and enhancing recovery. vNOTES represents a novel advancement, utilizing the vaginal route to access the peritoneal cavity without abdominal incisions. This technique offers potential benefits including scarless surgery, decreased postoperative pain, and shortened hospital stays. This review summarizes the surgical technique, clinical applications, advantages, limitations, and future perspectives of vNOTES in gynecologic surgery.