Online Data-Driven Optimization of Aerodynamic Performance for an Unconventional Morphing Aircraft

In nature, birds can intelligently adapt their wing shapes to their environment. This paper aims to replicate this capability by designing an online data-driven aerodynamic performance optimization framework for an unconventional morphing aircraft. Compared to state-of-the-art methods, the proposed framework can more efficiently search for optima with reduced computational load when addressing time-varying and nonlinear problems. It also demonstrates enhanced adaptability to unforeseen scenarios. In the event of a sudden actuator fault, the algorithm can automatically detect the fault, adapt the onboard data-driven model, and continue performing optimization and trimming tasks using the remaining healthy actuators. Additionally, the paper addresses the optimal number of actuators within a morphing surface, considering the tradeoff between aerodynamic optimization performance and weight penalty. High-fidelity simulations on a flying-wing aircraft platform demonstrate that through active morphing, the proposed framework achieves drag reductions of 1.9–4.9% during cruise and up to 12.6% at higher operational lift coefficients (due to heavier weight and lower speed), resulting in an overall drag reduction of 2.97% over a typical flight cycle, which corresponds to fuel savings of approximately [Formula: see text]. This research represents a significant advancement in sustainable aviation, contributing to reduced fuel consumption, lower emissions, and improved fault tolerance for next-generation aircraft.