Advanced Peptide Nanofibers in Delivery of Therapeutic Agents: Recent Trends, Limitations, and Critical Properties

Peptide nanofibers (PNFs) have emerged as versatile platforms for delivering therapeutic agents due to their biocompatibility, tunable characteristics, and ability to form well-ordered nanostructures. The primary goal of this review is to elaborate on the key features of common PNF fabrication strategies, including both spontaneous and non-spontaneous methods, while exploring how the amino acid sequences of these peptides influence their secondary structure and fiber formation. Additionally, we have compiled studies on PNFs that investigate various delivery approaches, such as systemic delivery, localized delivery, controlled delivery, stimuli-responsive delivery, and targeted delivery. This analysis aims to guide researchers in selecting the most suitable fabrication strategy for specific delivery applications and provide insights into choosing optimal amino acids for rational peptide design. We also focused on the applications of PNFs in delivering various therapeutic agents, including drugs, functional peptides, diagnostic and imaging agents, genes, viral vectors, and vaccines, demonstrating their significant potential in biomedical applications. The synergy between nanofiber fabrication strategies and peptide chemistries offers new avenues for advancing therapeutic products. Overall, this review serves as an important reference for the design and development of advanced PNFs for the effective delivery of various therapeutic agents.