Exploring the <scp>3D</scp> Bioprinting Landscape in the Delivery of Active Pharmaceutical Compounds for Therapeutic and Regenerative Medicine Applications

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is transforming the delivery of active pharmaceutical compounds and regenerative medicine by enabling patient-specific solutions that enhance treatment efficacy and safety. This review explores recent advancements in 3D bioprinting for targeted therapy, focusing on its ability to fabricate complex delivery systems of drugs, cells, and various biomolecules with controlled and sustained release profiles. By leveraging bioinks with tunable properties, 3D bioprinting allows for localized drug administration, reducing systemic side effects while improving bioavailability. Additionally, in situ 3D bioprinting facilitates the direct deposition of therapeutic agents at the site of injury or disease, enhancing precision medicine approaches and supporting tissue regeneration. The integration of biocompatible bioinks and nanomedicines minimizes toxicity, enhances drug retention, reduces adverse effects, and enables personalized treatments, significantly improving therapeutic outcomes and, in some cases, improving pharmacokinetics. Despite these advancements, challenges remain in obtaining ideal biomaterial properties, post-printing modifications, printability, and biodegradability, which are critical for clinical translation. Addressing these barriers will be key to expanding the application of 3D bioprinting in precision medicine. This review provides insights into the recent pre-clinical progress, current clinical milestones, limitations, and future directions of 3D bioprinted delivery systems of active pharmaceutical compounds, highlighting their potential to revolutionize patient-centered therapies.