Global, regional, and national burden of low back pain in postmenopausal women from 1990 to 2021: a comprehensive analysis using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

The global burden of LBP among postmenopausal women has risen substantially, despite declines in age-standardized rates. High BMI, occupational exposures, and smoking are key modifiable drivers, with varying impacts by development level. Public health strategies should prioritize weight management, workplace interventions, and smoking cessation, with particular focus on high-risk age groups and low-resource regions.