The role of skeletal based catalyst for biodiesel production – a review

Abstract The review examines the benefits of skeletal based (endoskeleton an exoskeleton) catalysts toward improving the circular economy. These biomass materials provide a unique benefit owing to their availability, low cost, and eco‐friendliness. The features of these catalysts were discussed through the lens of some characterization techniques, like Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, X‐ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis–derivative thermogravimetry. The chemical, thermal, and morphological properties were critically analyzed. These analyses provide insights into the potential of skeletal based catalysts in catalyzing transesterification and interesterification reactions. Furthermore, this review explores kinetics, thermodynamics parameters, and further studies associated with these materials were examined.