Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of congenital dyserythropoietic anemia combined with thalassemia: a report of two cases

Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA) represents a heterogeneous group of rare hereditary disorders characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis and often presents with clinical features that overlap with thalassemia. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains the only definitive curative intervention for CDA; however, the application of haploidentical HSCT in this context is limited and presents considerable challenges. Herein, we report two pediatric cases of CDA coexisting with thalassemia who underwent haploidentical related donor HSCT utilizing a novel conditioning regimen comprising three alkylating agents. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis was achieved using. posttransplant cyclophosphamide and anti-thymocyte globulin. Both patients attained sustained engraftment, transfusion independence, and remained free from severe transplant-related complications. These cases illustrate the feasibility and therapeutic potential of haploidentical HSCT for CDA, even in. the presence of concomitant thalassemia.