Integrating green HRM and sustainable operations: the moderating role of digital transformation in the Indonesian energy sector

This study explores the integrative effects of Green Human Resource Management (GHRM), Sustainable Operations Management (SOM), and Digital Transformation (DT) on sustainability performance in the energy sector, using empirical data from 300 employees at PT Castrol Indonesia. The survey was conducted using both online and offline distribution methods with a purposive sampling technique. Data were analyzed using SmartPLS version 4. The results confirm that both GHRM and SOM positively influence sustainability outcomes. More importantly, DT plays a dual role—strengthening the effect of GHRM while paradoxically weakening the SOM-sustainability link, indicating a functional asymmetry in digital readiness. These findings underscore the critical need for synchronized strategies across HR, operations, and digital domains to avoid implementation misalignments. The study advances the socio-technical systems perspective by highlighting the triadic interaction between people, processes, and technology. Practical implications include the importance of cross-functional collaboration and adaptive digital frameworks in advancing sustainability goals, particularly in emerging economies. Future research should adopt longitudinal and cross-sectoral approaches to assess how digital integration interacts with environmental policy and circular economy transitions over time.