Predator-driven IPM approach: integrating predatory insect species for sustainable management of the whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus russell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in eggplant

Abstract Background The spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is an invasive pest causing extensive damage to a wide range of horticultural crops in tropical and subtropical regions. Its waxy secretions, high fecundity, and adaptability to diverse environments make chemical control difficult and unsustainable. This study aimed to evaluate the predatory potential of five predators namely; Mallada astur , Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi , Cybocephalus sp., Cryptolaemus montrouzieri , and Axinoscymnus puttarudriahi against various developmental stages of A. dispersus under controlled and field conditions to determine the effective insect predator for integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Results All the tested predators exhibited significant predatory activity on different life stages of A. dispersus . M. astur showed the highest overall predation, particularly in the third instar larvae, consuming up to 133.8 s instar nymphs. C. zastrowi sillemi displayed strong predation on egg and early nymphal stages, aligning with its known efficiency in suppressing soft-bodied pests. Cybocephalus sp. demonstrated consistent predation across developmental stages, with a notable preference for eggs and early instars, supporting its role in long-term suppression. In contrast, C. montrouzieri showed limited predation, primarily targeting eggs and first instars. A. puttarudriahi exhibited a relatively even predation rate across all life stages of A. dispersus , without strong stage-specific preference, though its overall consumption levels were lower than other predators. This steady but moderate predation indicates its potential as a complementary predator in integrated strategies, contributing to background suppression of pest populations over time. Field evaluations revealed that multi-predator release strategies, especially involving M. astur and Cybocephalus sp., resulted in over 90% reduction in whitefly populations within 20–25 days. Conclusions This study confirms the high potential of predator-based biocontrol strategies for managing A. dispersus , particularly through the use of M. astur and Cybocephalus sp. Their rapid suppression capacity, combined with adaptability and ease of rearing, positions them as key candidates for incorporation into IPM programs. Adoption of such multi-predator approaches can reduce pesticide dependency, delay resistance development, and promote sustainable whitefly management under variable agro-ecological conditions.