Trends and distribution of pediatric medical residency programs over Brazil, in the last decade

ABSTRACT Introduction: Pediatric medical residency has undergone significant transformations in recent years, reflecting broader social changes and shifts in health policies. Beyond technical training, this specialization emphasizes a comprehensive approach to pediatric care, integrating aspects of prevention and health promotion. Understanding the growth trends and demand for specialization in Pediatrics is crucial for the development of public policies, allowing the anticipation of impacts on the medical workforce. This study examines the trends and distribution of Pediatric medical residency programs and their fields of practice in Brazil between 2015 and 2024. Methodology: The research was based on data recorded in the system of the National Medical Residency Commission (SisCNRM), accessible through public consultation on the Integrated Ombudsman and Access to Information Platform (Fala.BR). Results: Pediatric medical residency in Brazil has experienced significant growth over the past decade, with a total of 52,978 positions offered and a 79% increase between 2015 and 2024. Despite this progress, a substantial number of positions remain unfilled, with an accumulated 14,499 vacancies without candidates. The positions remain concentrated in major urban centers, with 53.00% of them filled in the Southeast Region in 2024. During the same period, there was a 22.87% increase in opportunities for subspecialties. Neonatology remains the most sought-after field, followed by Pediatric Intensive Care and Pediatric Neurology. Emergency Pediatrics has recently gained prominence, along with the recent incorporation of Adolescent Medicine as a recognized subspecialty. Discussion/Conclusion: Persistent challenges remain regarding the equitable distribution and occupancy of pediatric and subspecialty residency positions, indicating that the expansion of opportunities is not always accompanied by corresponding adherence to the programs. The shortage of pediatricians in healthcare services highlights a systemic weakness and compromises the quality of care provided to children. The evolving health needs of the pediatric population demand continuous analysis to guide policy decisions in education and healthcare. In this context, the implementation of strategic actions aimed at training specialists in underserved regions becomes necessary as a means to expand access to quality pediatric care.