Data Collection Methods in Program Evaluation: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Approaches

Data collection is the cornerstone of program evaluation, shaping the reliability, validity, and usefulness of findings. This article examines qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods approaches, highlighting their applications in nonprofit and development contexts, especially in resource-limited environments. It explores how interviews, focus groups, case studies, surveys, statistical data, and structured observations generate complementary insights. Mixed-methods designs are presented as a bridge between depth and breadth, enhancing validity and interpretive power. Challenges such as low literacy, language barriers, and financial constraints are addressed with practical strategies for adaptation. Drawing on examples from literacy, vocational training, health, and microfinance programs, the article demonstrates how rigorous yet context-sensitive data collection supports accountability, evidence-based decision-making, and program sustainability.