The current situation and sustainable development of <i>Penaeus monodon</i> in South China: A Review

The three provinces of Guangdong, Hainan, and Guangxi in South China are the primary production areas for Penaeus monodon aquaculture. The combined coastline of these three provinces spans 7,552.74 kilometers, accounting for 23.60% of China,s total coastline length. Compared to Southeast Asia and India, where P. monodon farming is declining due to disease outbreaks and competition with Litopenaeus vannamei , South China remains a key producer by leveraging intensive pond systems and government-supported breeding programs. In 2022, the aquaculture production of P. monodon in these provinces reached 91,200 metric tons, representing 79.79% of the national total; by 2023, this figure increased to 104,200 metric tons, comprising 81.12% of the national output. Currently, the aquaculture area for P. monodon in South China spans approximately 300,000 mu (about 20,000 hectares), with 50,000 mu (about 3,333 hectares) dedicated to high-level pond systems. Statistics indicate that the P. monodon industry supports employment for over one million residents across these provinces. Consequently, the sustainable development of P. monodon aquaculture is critical to both the economic growth and livelihoods of South China. However, the industry faces challenges such as frequent disease outbreaks, low-quality seedling rates, and high farming risks. To investigate the current status, existing issues, and sustainability of P. monodon aquaculture, this study was conducted. It aims to provide a concise overview of the P. monodon industry in South China and offer reference for policy formulation by global aquaculture sectors and relevant government agencies.