Oral Health Conditions, Cytological Changes, and Prevalence of Opportunistic Fungal Growth in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Haemodialysis. A Case-Control Study.

The study shows that there are notable variations in renal function markers and oral health between patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and controls. Specifically, CKD patients have higher levels of urea and creatinine, as well as more changes to oral epithelial cells and fungal development. In order to maintain a stable internal environment and homeostasis, oral health care providers should use a holistic approach to managing patients with complicated medical issues, particularly disorders of the renal system.