Professionalization in progress: Mapping public relations development in Jordan, Kuwait, and Bahrain

This study explores the professionalization of public relations in the Middle East by analyzing how sociodemographic characteristics, work-related variables, and career development experiences shape practitioners’ perceptions of their field. Based on survey data collected from respondents in Jordan, Kuwait, and Bahrain, the findings suggest that involvement in experiential learning activities predicts perceptions of professionalization. While membership in professional associations supports a public service orientation and ethical commitment, holding leadership positions or occupying influential roles within organizations does not consistently translate into greater professional identification. Notably, individuals working in the non-profit sector perceive lower levels of professional recognition than those in corporate and governmental settings. Job satisfaction appears to play a more critical role in shaping perceptions of professionalism than years of experience alone. These results highlight the importance of integrating educational strategies and workplace initiatives that reflect both international standards and the socio-cultural context of the region to support the ongoing development of public relations as a strategic and professionalized field in the Middle East.