Tin Mining and Post-Tin Mining Reclamation Initiatives in Indonesia: With Special Reference to Bangka Belitung Areas

Tin mining has played a central role in Indonesia’s economy, particularly in the Bangka Belitung Islands, but it has also caused severe environmental and socio-economic impacts. This study aims to critically review the consequences of tin mining and evaluate reclamation initiatives through a narrative literature review of scientific publications, technical reports, and policy documents. The findings show that open-pit mining has led to deforestation, biodiversity loss, environmental degradation, and decreased soil fertility, while weak governance has fueled illegal mining and social conflicts. Rehabilitation strategies such as reforestation, agroforestry, aquaculture, and soil improvement have the potential to restore or reclaim degraded land and are proposed as a viable pathway to balance ecological improvement with socio-economic development. This study focuses on its interdisciplinary approach, integrating ecological, socio-economic, and institutional perspectives to propose a comprehensive, ecosystem-based framework for post-mining reclamation. By highlighting both challenges and opportunities, the study provides actionable insights for policymakers, mining companies, and local communities.