Pediatric Bladder Rhabdomyosarcoma: Two Case Reports and Literature Review

Objective: To analyze the clinical, therapeutic, and evolutionary characteristics of pediatric bladder rhabdomyosarcoma through two case reports and a literature review. Methods: A retrospective analysis of two cases of embryonal bladder rhabdomyosarcoma treated between 2020-2022, with a systematic literature review of the past 15 years. Results: Two boys aged 4 and 9 years presented with urinary symptoms evolving over 12 and 11 months, respectively. Imaging revealed stage III bladder cancer. Histological analysis confirmed the diagnosis, showing positivity for desmin and myogenin. Multimodal treatment included neoadjuvant chemotherapy, conservative surgery, and conformal radiotherapy (50.4 Gy). At 24 months, both patients were alive with excellent local control and preserved bladder function. Conclusion: Pediatric bladder rhabdomyosarcoma requires early multidisciplinary management. This combined therapeutic approach optimizes tumor control while preserving bladder function.