Improved Gamma-Hadron Separation for PeV Photon Searches with IceCube
IceTop, the km$^2$ surface array of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole, is sensitive to air showers of all primary particles, including gamma rays. In particular, in the PeV energy range, the combination of IceTop and IceCube’s deep optical detector provides excellent gamma-hadron separation. Almost all air showers induced by cosmic-ray protons and heavier nuclei in this energy range contain high-energy muons detectable by the deep detector, while most photon-induced air showers do not. Therefore, IceCube’s deep detector can be used to strongly suppress hadronic background in photon searches. Furthermore, the lateral distribution of the air-shower signal in IceTop provides additional gamma-hadron separation. In the PeV energy range, the gamma-hadron separation achieved is better than $10^{-3}$: air-shower events measured with IceCube are suppressed more than $1000$ times stronger than photon-induced showers of the same energy simulated with Sibyll 2.3d. This improved gamma-hadron separation in combination with an extension of the energy range to lower energies provides discovery potential for future searches for PeV photon sources in IceCube’s field of view.
Authors
- L. Schumacher (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8945-6722)
- L. Köpke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8530-6348)
- Sofia Athanasiadou
- Kiara Carloni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3859-3748)
- Rasmus Orsoe
- Sarah Mechbal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8579-3964)
- Rishi Babu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5529-6780)
- Philip Weigel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7987-8507)
- Arun Vaidyanathan
- Thijs van Eeden
- Diego Alberto Coloma Borja (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0007-5793)
- G. M. Spiczak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0030-0519)
- Christy Love
- M. Lamoureux (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8860-5826)
- Krishnamoorthi Jayakumar
- Thien Nhan Chau (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6047-8159)
- Woosik Kang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3980-3778)
- I. Taboada (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3509-3457)
- Daniel Salazar-Gallegos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9312-9684)
- S. R. Klein (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2841-6553)
- Michael Campana (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4162-5739)
- Andrés Martínez-Medina (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5309-9310)
- James DeLaunay (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5229-1995)
- Frank Schröder (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8495-7210)
- Jonathan Mauro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9324-7970)
- Felix Schlüter (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5545-4363)
- C. H. Wiebusch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6418-3008)
- P. Desiati (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9768-1858)
- Lukas Hennig (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2816-2242)
- C. De Clercq (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5266-7059)
- Hershal Pandya
- K. D. de Vries (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9842-4068)
- Alexander Sandrock (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6779-1172)
- Anil Kumar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7288-7697)
- Sebastian Schindler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7054-5431)
- Yuriy Popovych
- Axel Ponten
- Ek Narayan Paudel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9276-7994)
- A. Parenti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6132-5680)
- Veronika Palušová (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2467-1215)
- A. Haungs (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9638-7574)
- Benedikt Riedel
- Erik Ganster (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4393-6944)
- Leonora Kardum (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9351-004X)
- Shefali Shefali
- Colton Hill (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0647-9174)
- Laurent Arnaud (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4432-4205)
- Shiqi Yu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0035-7766)
- Frederik Hermann Lauber (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5648-5930)
- J. C. Díaz–Vélez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0087-0693)
- Alexander Kappes
- Richard Naab (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2512-466X)
- Julian Saffer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0040-6129)
- Christoph Raab (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9921-2668)
- Félix Carbonell (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1450-0423)
- Matheus Hostert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9584-8877)
- Spencer Axani
- Miaochen Jin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0487-5595)
- Karriem Upshaw
- Diyaselis Delgado (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4306-8828)
- G. C. Hill (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8881-6802)
- Felix Henningsen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0680-6588)
- Markus Dittmer
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- Julia Book (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6687-5959)
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- Nils Heyer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9036-8623)
- Joelle Savelberg
- S. Sarkar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3542-858X)
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- Kaustav Dutta
- Bennett Brinson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9128-1159)
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- Elena Manao
- Martin Wolf (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9991-3923)
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- Alicia Mand (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9697-1702)
- David Berley
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- Oliver Janik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3121-2486)
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- Attila Hidvégi
- Kathrine Mørch Groth (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1581-9049)
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- Jan Weldert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3709-2354)
- Barbara Skrzypek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0910-1057)
- X. Bai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1827-9121)
- Gaurav Garg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5198-8934)
- Yuya Makino
- M. Kowalski (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8594-8666)
- E. Blaufuss (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5450-1757)
- Seowon Choi
- Shannon Gray (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8029-6838)
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- Claudio Kopper (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6288-7637)
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- Gerhard Krieger (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4548-0285)
- Christian Gläser (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5998-2553)
- Aya Ishihara
- Alexander Harnisch
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- Nora Valtonen-Mattila (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1830-098X)
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- Hannah Erpenbeck
- Will Thompson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1353-2562)
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- Akanksha Katil
- Simeon Bash (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2680-1271)
- Alex Wen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4869-7867)
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- Martin Ha Minh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7776-4875)
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- Zoë Rechav
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- Rachel Procter-Murphy
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- Ava Ghadimi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6350-6485)
- Jannis Necker (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0280-7484)
- Rasha Abbasi
- W. Iwakiri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0207-9010)
- Peter John Cusack Coleman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3266-7358)
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- Janeth Valverde (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8090-6528)
- Paras Koundal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5917-5230)
- K. Meagher (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3967-1533)
- Emre Burak Yildizci
- Zheyang Chen
- Andreas Noell
- Chang Dong Rho (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6524-9769)
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- Caterina Boscolo Meneguolo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8325-4329)
- Minjin Jeong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2420-6639)
- Ella Roberts
- Rattikorn Hewett (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9021-7777)
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- Federico Bontempo
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- Lea Schlickmann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9746-6872)
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- Gerrit Wrede
- Hans Niederhausen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9566-4904)
- W. Rhode (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2636-5000)
- Alejandra Granados (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-9281)
- Francesco Lucarelli
- K. Andeen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9394-0007)
- D. B. Fox (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3714-672X)
- Tomas Kontrimas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8585-0933)
- Karlijn Kruiswijk (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9261-0537)
- Anatoli Fedynitch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2837-3477)
- Ali Kheirandish (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7074-0539)
- P. A. Evenson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7929-810X)
- Chun Lin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5496-8824)
- K. Helbing (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2072-4172)
- Jesse Osborn
- Megha Venugopal
- Dennis Soldin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3005-7879)
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- Jean-Marco Alameddine (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9534-9189)
- Thomas S. Huber (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8167-8651)
- Sebastian BOSER
- David Joseph Guevel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0870-2328)
- Frank McNally (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0785-2244)
- Thomas Ehrhardt
- J. Kiryluk (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0264-3133)
- Mark Weyrauch
- Ivan Martínez-Soler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0308-3003)
- T. Montaruli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5014-2152)
- Else Magnus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8111-1154)
- Yitong Liu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6577-1971)
- Alexander Novikov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-7252)
- N. Kamp (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9232-259X)
- Patrick Hatch
- Lars Philipp Heuermann
- Chiara Bellenghi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8525-7515)
- Philipp Fürst (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7951-8042)
- J. J. Beatty (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0481-4952)
- Delaney Butterfield
- M. García (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0316-1208)
- M. Plum
- Maria Prado Rodriguez
- Kayla Leonard DeHolton (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-0601)
- Emmett Krupczak
- Ramesh Koirala (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7735-7169)
- Pascal Gutjahr (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7980-7285)
- Pranav Sampathkumar
- S. Seunarine (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3272-6896)
- Sam Hori (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2644-5955)
- Marc Jacquart
- Tista Mukherjee (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0962-4878)
- M. Stamatikos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7253-8553)
- D. Besson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6733-963X)
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- Doğa Veske (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4225-0895)
- Lincoln Draper
- Philipp Soldin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-2495)
- Johannes Werthebach
- Tanvi Krishnan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2405-7541)
- Leonhard Eidenschink
- Markus Ackermann
- Giacomo Sommani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0094-826X)
- Szabolcs Márka (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3957-1324)
- Xinyue Kang
- Yasutsugu Morii
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- Michael Handt
- Riya Shah
- Mohammad Ful Hossain Seikh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4464-7354)
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- Merlin Schaufel
- John Evans (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3290-7785)
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- M. Ahlers (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0709-5631)
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- Erin O'Sullivan
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- Simeon Reusch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7788-628X)
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- Paul Behrens (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2935-4799)
- Summer Blot (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1089-3001)
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- H. Kolanoski (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0435-2524)
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- Nick Schmeisser
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- Teresa Pernice
- Patrick Schaile
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- Shuo Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2967-790X)
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- Li Ruohan
- Yang Lyu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0510-828X)
- Nobuhiro Shimizu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6857-1772)
- Yukiho Kobayashi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5680-6614)
- Alfonso Garcia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8186-2459)
- Abdul Rehman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3658-4913)
- Zelong Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5028-0328)
- Wenjie Hou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3422-7185)
- Robert A. Young (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5105-9334)
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- Justin Mitchell
- J. Becker Tjus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1748-7367)
- Satoshi Fukami
- Christoph Günther (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7667-6304)
- Jessie Thwaites (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9179-3760)
- Serap Tilav
- Ralph Engel
- Kirsten Tollefson
- Najia Moureen Binte Amin
- Andreas Weindl
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- Robert Snihur
- Dawn Williams
- Arifa Khatee Zathul
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- Sebastian Vergara Carrasco
- Stephanie Hickford
- Kara Hoffman
- A. Søgaard (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0823-056X)
- Olga Botner
- Sally Robertson
- D. Seckel
- Uwe Naumann
- Juliana Stachurska (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0238-5608)
- G. T. Przybylski
- Darren Grant
- Ryan Bay
- Jenni Adams
- Jakob van Santen
- Alex Olivas
- Juan Pablo Yáñez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5373-2569)
- T. DeYoung (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-3783)
- Delia Tosi
- Katherine Rawlins
- Torsten Schmidt
- Timo Stürwald
- M. U. Nisa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6859-3944)
- Todor Stanev
- Andrii Terliuk
- Gwenhaël de Wasseige
- Elisa Resconi
- Brian Clark
- H. Schieler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2637-4778)
- Ioana Codrina Maris
- Lu Lü (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8290-8834)
- Christian Spiering
- G. B. Yu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0615-8082)
- Justin Vandenbroucke
- Maximilian Meier
- Lilly Pyras
- Dominik Elsässer
- Nahee Park
- Pavel Zhelnin
- Alba Domi
- K. Hanson
- John Hardin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7470-9010)
- Zsuzsa Márka
- Michael J Larson
- L. Gerhardt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0166-5162)
- Gabriel Collin
- Manish Khanal
- Angela Zegarelli
- Juanan Aguilar
- Matti Jansson
- Javier González
- Steven W. Barwick
- Jim Braun
- Enrico Ellinger
- Rebecca Corley
- C. Walck
- Xianwu Xu
- Alan Coleman
- Nora Feigl
- Tim Ruhe
- Neha Navnitkumar Lad
- Jim Madsen
- Chris Wendt
- Elizabeth Warrick
- Miriam Neumann
- B. L. Henke
- Jiyuan Liao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6250-4765)
- N. van Eijndhoven (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5558-3328)
- M. Santander (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7297-8217)
- Per Arne Sevle Myhr
- Zoe Brisson-Tsavoussis
- Shoukat Ali
- Ramy Hmaid
- Sonke Schwirn
- Leo Seen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9204-0241)
- Grace Sanger-Johnson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4463-2902)
- Marco Scarnera
- Stephen DiKerby (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2633-2196)
- Lene van Rootselaar
- Lars Marten
- Ilya Bodo
- Joe Baines-Holmes
- Despina Mousadi
- Ian Reistroffer
- Amar Thakuri
- Thomas Delmeulle
- Hani KimKu
- Emile Moyaux
- Steven Eulig
- Logan Molchany
- V. Poojyam
- Lasse Dueser
Publication Details
- Published
- 2025-09-24
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.22323/1.501.0837
- Primary Topic
- Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- National Science Foundation
- U.S. Department of Energy
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Nvidia
- Michigan State University
- Villum Fonden
- Polarforskningssekretariatet
- Marquette University
- Western Canada Research Grid
- European Commission
- National Research Foundation
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
- Belgian Federal Science Policy Office
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
- Vetenskapsrådet
- RWTH Aachen University
- Chiba University
- Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics
- Alliance de recherche numérique du Canada
- College of Engineering, Michigan State University
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Marsden Fund
- Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University
- Office of Polar Programs
- Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure
- Office of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research