Ethical Decision-Making Models: Frameworks for Organizational Integrity and Practice

This article critically examines three influential ethical decision-making models: the Rational Decision-Making Model, Rest’s Model of Ethical Decision-Making, and the PLUS Model. Each framework offers distinct insights—ranging from structured, evidence-based evaluation to psychological processes and organizational filters—while presenting unique limitations. Through comparative analysis and real-world case studies in NGOs, volunteer management, and donor relations, the article illustrates how these models help organizations navigate complex ethical dilemmas in resource-constrained and culturally diverse contexts. It argues for a pluralistic approach that integrates rational analysis, moral psychology, and institutional safeguards. Embedding structured models into organizational processes strengthens accountability, resilience, and long-term integrity.