Water awareness in Latin America: adaptation and validation of an assessment tool

Purpose This study validates an adapted version of the Ecobarometer of Andalucia to assess perceptions, knowledge, practices and attitudes toward water management and pollution among university students in Latin America. It aims to provide a reliable tool for analyzing environmental awareness and behaviors related to water conservation. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive design was used. Validity and reliability were assessed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA), based on online surveys with 96 participants selected by non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Reliability was measured using Cronbach’s alpha, McDonald’s Omega and Jöreskog’s Rho. Discriminant validity ensured distinct construct representation. Findings Six dimensions were validated: information on environmental issues, minimization of personal responsibility, daily environmental practices, perception of responsibility, participation and responsible consumption and domestic water management. While environmental knowledge correlated positively with sustainable practices, the effect was limited. Perceiving external agents as primarily responsible correlated negatively with personal engagement. The findings also revealed moderate concern for water pollution and a high commitment to sustainable practices at the household level. However, a tendency to externalize responsibility to institutions was observed, which may limit personal engagement in broader environmental actions. Research limitations/implications Self-reporting may introduce bias, and the sample limits generalizability. Future studies should use broader samples and indirect assessments. Longitudinal research is recommended to explore causality. Practical implications The instrument can support environmental education, assess public policy impact and monitor water sustainability initiatives. Originality/value The study offers a validated, context-specific tool for assessing water awareness in Latin America, addressing a regional research gap and enabling targeted educational and policy interventions.