Microscopic Colitis and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review

Microscopic colitis (MC) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the colon, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. It encompasses two different subtypes: collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis, distinguished by specific histopathological features. The cause of MC remains largely unknown, although genetic, environmental, and immune factors have been recognized as possible risk factors. Recent research has highlighted the potential role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of MC, with an increasing body of evidence suggesting that alterations in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota may contribute to the development and progression of the disease. This narrative review aims to summarize current findings on the relationship between the gut microbiota and microscopic colitis, exploring the mechanisms through which microbial dysbiosis could influence intestinal inflammation and affect clinical outcomes. We discuss the impact of specific bacterial taxa, the role of the gut immune system, and the potential therapeutic implications of microbiota modulation in MC. Additional investigation is required to gain a comprehensive understanding of the microbiota-associated mechanisms driving MC and to evaluate the potential of microbiota-targeted treatments for individuals affected by this condition.