Molecular mechanisms and research advances of plant hormone regulation in cut flower senescence

Plant hormones play pivotal roles in regulating cut flower senescence. Ethylene dominates senescence in ethylene-sensitive species (such as carnations and roses) by activating senescence-associated genes via ACS/ACO-mediated biosynthesis and the EIN2-EILs signaling cascade, with abscisic acid (ABA) synergistically promoting this process through crosstalk. Conversely, ABA drives senescence in ethylene-insensitive cut flowers (such as chrysanthemums and lilies) through the NCED pathway-induced ABA accumulation and triggers oxidative stress, while ethylene may play a secondary collaborative role. Interactions among ethylene, ABA, gibberellin (GA), cytokinin (CTK), auxin, and salicylic acid (SA) form a sophisticated regulatory network. These hormones orchestrate senescence through biosynthesis pathways, signal transduction, transcription factors, epigenetic modifications, and cellular structural regulation. Preservation technologies based on hormonal regulation, such as 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and sucrose treatments, have been successfully implemented. Understanding these molecular mechanisms and hormonal crosstalk provides a theoretical foundation for extending vase life and enhancing the commercial value of cut flowers.