Biochar-supported microbial systems: a strategy for remediation of persistent organic pollutants

Abstract As widespread toxicants that cause cancer and affect the endocrine system, persistent organic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, and chlorinated solvents, are harmful to the environment and human health. This review aims to highlight biochar-supported microbial systems as a transformative solution for remediating these contaminants, with a particular focus on current challenges and future perspectives. Conventional pollutant-remediation techniques based on physicochemical treatments are expensive and inefficient. Bioremediation technology faces challenges, such as low microbial survival and environmental sensitivity. Biochar-supported microbial systems have become attractive because of their strong adsorption characteristics and microbial degradation. Biochar-supported microbial systems offer promising solutions that combine the superior adsorption capacity of biochar with its microbial degradation capabilities. Biochar produced from pyrolyzed biomass has a porous structure and functional groups that immobilize pollutants and support microbial growth. Recent research demonstrates that integrating nutrient-enriched biochar with symbiotic microbial communities extends their remediation potential to a wider range of pollutants, including persistent organic pollutants. However, challenges, such as long-term microbial viability, biochar aging, and field-scale economic feasibility, remain unresolved. Further research is required to optimize these systems for real-world applications. By addressing these gaps, biochar-microbial remediation can become a sustainable and scalable strategy for environmental rehabilitation, supporting circular economic goals. Graphical Abstract