Presumed trematode-induced uveitis: A narrative review

Abstract Presumed trematode-induced uveitis (PTIU) is a parasitic ocular inflammation seen predominantly in children from regions with freshwater exposure, particularly in South Asia and North Africa. Unilateral granulomatous anterior uveitis is the most frequent presentation, usually accompanied by nodules in the anterior chamber. Due to the lack of conclusive parasitological confirmation in most cases, diagnosis is still difficult despite its unique clinical presentation. Research has progressively confirmed trematode larvae as the causative agents. DNA from Procerovum varium and other trematodes has been found in ocular tissue. Topical corticosteroids, antiparasitic medications, and, in certain situations, surgical or laser-based anterior chamber granuloma excision are also modalities of treatment. With timely and adequate intervention, the prognosis is usually excellent; nevertheless, delayed therapy may lead to vision-threatening complications. Increasing awareness of PTIU among clinicians is essential to ensure timely diagnosis and reduce unnecessary morbidity in endemic populations. In this review, the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic approaches, pathogenesis, prognosis, and management approaches of PTIU are summarized. Future directions should prioritize molecular diagnostics, epidemiological mapping, and public health interventions to reduce disease burden.