Measurement invariance and cross-linguistic validation of the PSS-4 in university context: multidimensional analysis and associations with psychological and behavioral outcomes

The PSS-4 demonstrates validity and reliability for assessing perceived stress in Spanish, English, and Catalan university settings, with this study providing the first validation of the Catalan version and a cross-language invariance test. However, the absence of scalar invariance limits the comparability of stress mean scores across languages.