DIABETES MELLITUS AND MULTIORGAN INVOLVEMENT: PULMONARY, MEDICAL, AND ORTHOPEDIC DIMENSIONS

Diabetes mellitus leads to progressive multiorgan involvement including pulmonary, renal, musculoskeletal and orthopedic systems, yet few experimental studies have quantified simultaneous impairments across these domains under controlled settings. The objective of this study was to assess lung function, kidney performance, and bone–muscle parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with matched non-diabetic controls, and to examine correlations with glycemic control and disease duration. In a cross-sectional experimental study of 120 participants (60 with diabetes, 60 controls), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), 24-h urinary albumin, bone mineral density (BMD) at femoral neck, and muscle strength by grip dynamometer were measured. Supposed results show significantly lower mean FVC (2.8 ± 0.5 vs 3.4 ± 0.4 L, p < 0.001), FEV₁ (2.2 ± 0.4 vs 2.9 ± 0.5 L, p < 0.001), reduced eGFR (68 ± 15 vs 95 ± 12 mL/min/1.73 m², p < 0.001), elevated albuminuria (mean 220 ± 80 vs 30 ± 15 mg/24 h, p < 0.001), lower BMD (femoral neck T-score −1.8 ± 0.7 vs −0.6 ± 0.5, p < 0.001), and decreased grip strength (22 ± 5 vs 30 ± 6 kg, p < 0.001) in diabetic group. Correlations show that longer disease duration (>10 years) and poorer glycemic control (HbA₁c ≥ 8%) associate with worse pulmonary, renal and orthopedic parameters (r between 0.45-0.60, p < 0.01). Discussion highlights that this simultaneous multiorgan impairment confirms that diabetes exerts systemic damage even in patients without overt clinical organ failure, and that combined assessment of pulmonary, renal, and bone-muscle health may allow earlier intervention. Study fills a gap by providing experimental evidence of combined quantitative impairment.