Distribution patterns and risk assessment of potential ice avalanches and glacier lake outburst floods in southeastern Tibetan Plateau

• The Comprehensive Inventory of 1676 IAs and 100 GLOFs in the SETP. • Utilized Hybrid AHP-FCE for IAs and GLOFs Hazard Assessment. • 111 IAs and 16 Glacial Lakes Marked as High-Risk. • The Spatial Relationship Reveals the Cascading Hazard of IA-GLOF in the SETP. • Proposed Framework can Easily and Accurately Assess the Risk of IAs and GLOFs. Accelerated glacier retreat in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau (SETP) under global warming has significantly increased threats from ice avalanches (IAs) and glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs). This study established a comprehensive inventory of IAs and GLOFs in the SETP using multi-source remote sensing data. Hazard assessments were conducted using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE). The results indicate that: (1) A total of 1,676 IAs and 100 potential GLOFs were identified, primarily located along the eastern Nyainqêntanglha and the western Hengduan Mountains. (2) IAs mostly occur on north-facing slopes with elevations of 4,500–6,000 m and areas of 0.1–0.5 km 2 , while GLOF-related lakes are mainly distributed at 4,000–5,000 m with areas of 0.1–0.3 km 2 and northward outburst directions. (3) Area and average slope are the primary driving factors for IAs, while glacial lake area and parent glacier slope are identified as the key controlling factors for GLOFs. (4) The hazard assessment results identified 111 high-risk IAs and 16 high-risk GLOFs, with the latter experiencing a 154.7 % increase in area since 1985, and 11 of these lakes exhibit cascading IA-GLOF risks. This comprehensive study enhances understanding of IA and GLOF hazards in the SETP and provide a scientific basis for effective disaster risk management.