Primary renal neuroendocrine tumor: A rare case and review of diagnostic and therapeutic challenges

Primary renal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are extremely rare and pose both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to their nonspecific presentation and overlap with more common renal masses. We report the case of a 49-year-old woman who presented with flank pain and was found to have a large well-differentiated Grade 2 renal NET. Histopathology revealed classic ribbon-like architecture with Ki-67 index of 3-7 %, and immunohistochemistry confirmed strong synaptophysin and CD56 positivity. Surgical resection via radical nephrectomy was curative. This case highlights the importance of histological evaluation and contributes to the limited literature review on renal NET diagnosis and management.