Standardized Design Metrics and Policy Integration for Phytoremediation Systems in Water Contaminant Management

Phytoremediation has emerged as a sustainable and cost-effective strategy for mitigating contamination in soil and water systems, utilizing plants and their associated microbial consortia to uptake, degrade, or immobilize pollutants. This review synthesizes findings from over 100 peer-reviewed publications and case studies to identify key parameters influencing phytoremediation efficiency, including contaminant bioavailability, chemical speciation, concentration levels (ranging from trace to >100 mg/L), plant species suitability, hydraulic retention time, and temperature ranges (10–35 °C). Despite its proven potential, the absence of standardized design frameworks limits consistent implementation and cross-site performance comparability. To address this, the study proposes a conceptual system design framework supported by measurable performance metrics—such as pollutant removal efficiency (often >70% for heavy metals) and biomass uptake capacity. The review further examines regulatory and policy gaps that hinder the technology’s integration into national remediation strategies, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. It underscores the need for technical guidelines, regulatory benchmarks, and protocols for post-treatment biomass management to enable safe, effective, and scalable deployment. By advocating a multi-stakeholder, evidence-based approach, the study aims to bridge the gap between scientific innovation and environmental governance, positioning phytoremediation as a viable tool for pollution control, ecosystem restoration, and alignment with global sustainability targets.