Marine-derived adsorption biomaterials for water treatment: Efficiency and kinetics of textile dye removal using functionalized fish bone adsorbents

This study provides a low-cost, environmentally friendly, and biologically derived adsorbent alternative for the removal of toxic dyes commonly found in industrial wastewater. The modification of waste materials such as fish bones contributes to sustainable resource utilization while achieving effective results in reducing dye pollution originating from the textile, food, and chemical industries. The adsorption mechanism was investigated by kinetic and diffusion models; they provide important data for the design and optimization of such materials. The surface of fish bone particles was modified in two steps. Firstly, the particles (H) were silanized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (S). In the second step, modification was made by shift base reaction between the amine on the surface and 2-Ethyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbaldehyde (A). Adsorption experiments were conducted using fuchsine solution at different initial concentrations (6.76, 3.38, 1.69, and 0.676 mg/L) and adsorption capacity (qₑ), removal efficiency (%), and kinetic parameters were comprehensively investigated. The results showed a noticeable increase in adsorption capacity (0.08–0.94 mg/g) with increasing initial concentration, while kinetic analyses indicated that the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with a high degree of correlation, suggesting that chemical interactions may play a dominant role in the adsorption mechanism.