Comparative analysis of physical characteristics of traditional rammed earth dwellings in Macau

Rammed earth architecture, one of the oldest building techniques in Macau, reflects both the region’s cultural identity and its historical development. Three traditional rammed earth houses in Macau were analyzed in this study to examine. Using techniques such as salt content measurement, grain size analysis, microscopic examination, and X-ray diffraction, along with observations of physical shapes and structures, the material composition and processing methods of rammed earth samples were compared. The results showed detailed information about the construction standards of these buildings, including techniques, foundation characteristics, soil particle gradings as well as the source of materials. The study revealed how builders composed and adjusted raw earthen materials during construction. Additionally, it explores the relationship between human activities and the natural environments in the use of rammed earth. These findings provide key scientific data to support the research, protection, and restoration of Macau’s traditional rammed earth architecture.