Species Composition and Distribution of Flatfishes in Winter Season along the Northeast Coast of India

T he current study examined the species composition and distribution of flatfishes along the northeast coast of India (West Bengal and Odisha) during the winter season, based on collections from two consecutive years, 2023-2024 and 2024-2025. Flatfishes, belonging to the order Pleuronectiformes, are keystone components of the benthic ecosystems, mostly inhabiting the muddy and sandy bottoms of the continental shelves across the tropical, temperate and polar regions of the world. However, they are often threatened by the destruction of habitats, mainly due to trawling and dredging activities. In India, flatfishes are major components in artisanal fishery and considered as a popular delicacy. Approximately 108 species of flatfish have been recorded in Indian waters, with 84 species found on the east coast. Still, studies on the seasonal variation of flatfish distribution are scarce. The present study examined a total of 319 specimens and identified 20 species, belonging to nine genera and four families during this particular season. Cynoglossidae was identified as the most dominant family, with 240 specimens of the total collection, followed by Soleidae, comprising 48 specimens. On the other hand, Psettodidae was the least abundant family with only one species Psettodes erumei of three specimens. Among the different species identified Cynoglossus arel and Cynoglossus lingua, displayed a uniform distribution in both the states, while other species such as Aesopia cornuta, Pseudorhombus triocellatus, and Zebrias quagga, showed restricted distribution in specific regions. The observed spatial variation in species composition suggest the influence of feeding habits and habitat preferences in the distribution patterns of flatfish. As flatfishes remain one of the least studied benthic groups, and benthic habitats are increasingly disturbed, this study emphasizes the need for more focused research on this group.