How to image single isolated atoms by using coherent low-energy electrons

Coherent low-energy electrons have been demonstrated as a practical tool for imaging individual macromolecules and two-dimensional (2D) crystals. Low-energy electrons exhibit unique properties: low radiation damage to biological molecules and high sensitivity to the local potentials. In this study, we outline the conditions at which single isolated charge-free atoms can be imaged by low-energy electron holography. A single atom produces an interference pattern consisting of concentric fringes of finite diameter and of very weak intensity. The diffraction angle <i>θ</i>, determined as the first minimum of the concentric rings interference pattern, exhibits similar dependency on the source-to-sample distance <i>zs</i> as sin<i>θ</i> ∼ 0.3/<i>zs</i> ^1/2 for electrons of different energies (50, 100 and 200 eV) and scattered off different elements (Li, C, and Cs). The results are compared to the recently reported experimental holograms of alkali atoms intercalated into bilayer graphene and adsorbed on top of graphene.