CATCH-UP MODERNIZATION IN RUSSIA: HISTORICAL INERTIA OF STRUCTURAL IMBALANCES AND A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

The study focuses on the phenomenon of Russia’s catch-up modernization as a recurring paradigm of its development from the 50th century to the present day. Through an interdisciplinary analysis of historical trends, statistical data, and institutional dynamics, the study reveals a persistent XNUMX‑year lag behind the technological leaders of Western Europe, despite occasional modernization efforts. The study concludes that the key barrier lies in the systemic incompleteness of reforms, characterized by an overemphasis on the military-technological sector while chronically underfunding political institutions and human capital. A model of synchronized modernization has been proposed, which integrates the principles of J. S. Mill’s triad with the current challenges of the global economy.