Challenges and Opportunities in Military-to-Civilian Transition: A Pilot Study of Indian Defense Officers

Abstract The transition from military to civilian life represents a significant milestone in the professional trajectory of ex-servicemen. Although the Indian Defence Services equip personnel with exceptional skills in leadership, discipline, and crisis management, the transition often brings challenges such as skill mismatches, lack of awareness of civilian job markets, and difficulties in adapting to new workplace cultures. This pilot study assessed the utilization of resettlement programs, satisfaction levels with these initiatives, and challenges faced by ex-servicemen in pursuing post-retirement careers. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, involving surveys with 450 officers, semi-structured interviews, and focus group discussions with Army officers pursuing management education at the University of Pune. Findings revealed limited awareness and underutilization of resettlement benefits, alongside significant challenges in skill alignment with civilian careers. Based on these findings, the study proposes a comprehensive framework focusing on enhanced skill training, industry partnerships, awareness campaigns, and post-placement support to strengthen reintegration. The study contributes practical insights to policymakers, defence establishments, and private industry stakeholders to better facilitate the career mapping of ex-servicemen. Keywords: Defence, Ex-servicemen, Career Mapping, Skill Alignment, Resettlement Programs, Civilian Transition