The Role of Technology in Enhancing Small Business Operations in Afghanistan

This study investigates the role of digital technology in enhancing small business operations in Afghanistan, a context characterized by conflict, underdeveloped infrastructure, and limited digital literacy. Despite the global benefits of digital transformation, Afghan small and medium enterprises (SMEs) face significant barriers to technology adoption, including poor connectivity, high costs, and a lack of technical skills. To address this gap, the study employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of 40 peer-reviewed academic sources and institutional reports, guided by Braun and Clarke’s six-phase thematic analysis framework. The research identifies six key themes: Digital Financial Services, E-commerce, Cloud Computing, Cybersecurity, Social Media, and Capacity Building. Findings reveal that technology has the potential to improve operational efficiency, expand market access, and increase financial inclusion, particularly for women and rural entrepreneurs. However, these benefits are unevenly distributed due to persistent structural challenges. The study concludes by offering practical recommendations for policymakers, development agencies, and SME stakeholders to promote inclusive digital adoption. These include infrastructure investment, digital literacy training, and supportive regulatory reforms. Overall, this research contributes to understanding how technology can drive sustainable business growth and resilience in fragile state contexts like Afghanistan.