Propagation Characteristics and Path Loss Analysis of Electromagnetic Waves in Stratified Seawater in Shallow Sea

As the core carrier of information transmission in shallow waters, the propagation characteristics of electromagnetic waves in stratified seawater are crucial. Based on the measured seawater conductivity parameters, a layered medium model of “air-multilayered seawater-seabed” was established. The influence of frequency and seawater conductivity on the propagation characteristics of marine electric fields was investigated. The result shows that under the same conditions, the lower the frequency of the field source, the slower the electric field attenuation; in the far-field scenario, the magnitude of the electric field from the electric dipole decreases with increasing conductivity. According to the derived path loss model, within the range of 200–1850 meters, as the distance increases tenfold during the lateral propagation of the electric field magnitude, the path loss increases by 24.4 dB.