Quantum learning advantage on a scalable photonic platform
Recent advances in quantum technologies have demonstrated that quantum systems can outperform classical ones in specific tasks, a concept known as quantum advantage. Although previous efforts have focused on computational speedups, a definitive and provable quantum advantage that is unattainable by any classical system has remained elusive. In this work, we demonstrate a provable photonic quantum advantage by implementing a quantum-enhanced protocol for learning a high-dimensional physical process. Using imperfect Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen entanglement, we achieve a sample complexity reduction of 11.8 orders of magnitude compared to classical methods without entanglement. These results show that large-scale, provable quantum advantage is achievable with current photonic technology and represent a key step toward practical quantum-enhanced learning protocols in quantum metrology and machine learning.
Authors
- Hsin-Yuan Huang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5317-2613)
- Changhun Oh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2002-1928)
- Sisi Zhou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4618-8590)
- Ulrik L. Andersen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1990-7687)
- Senrui Chen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5904-6906)
- Jens Arnbak Holbøll Nielsen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4290-0747)
- John P. Preskill (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2421-4762)
- Oscar Cordero (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8616-9146)
- Jonas S. Neergaard-Nielsen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8585-0068)
- Liang Jiang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0000-9342)
- Zhenghao Liu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8067-1477)
- Yat Wong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5912-7354)
- E Østergaard (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4158-547X)
- Romain Brunel
- Axel B. Bregnsbo
Institutions
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Google (United States) (US)
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KR)
- Perimeter Institute (CA)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Technical University of Denmark (DK)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Science
- Published
- 2025-09-25
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adv2560
- Citations
- 5
- Primary Topic
- Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 12.40