224 Gbps High Speed Link Design and Measurement Correlation

Boosted by the hardware demands for the machine learning, AI, and data center, the signal delivery speed is unprecedent. 200 Gbps and above PAM4 high speed link design has become increasingly popular. This paper discusses the high speed link design details needed for 224 Gbps and many necessaries concerns that are forgivable for low speed designs but not tolerable for high speed ones. Our testing coupon has demonstrated great correlation results after the mentioned details are carefully addressed throughout the design, modeling, and optimization process. This paper serves as a design guide for practical 224 Gbps signal delivery based on copper technology on the PCB boards.