Industry 4.0, Industry 5.0: Freedom or Insecurity for Business?

Purpose –This study investigates the dual influence of Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 on business development, with a particular focus on their implications for economic security. It explores how the transition from a purely technology-driven paradigm to a more human-centric one affects business models, innovation strategies, and organizational resilience. Design/methodology/approach –The article employs a conceptual literature review methodology. It synthesizes findings from peer-reviewed journals, policy papers, and international institutional reports obtained from databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The selection criteria included thematic relevance to digitalization, cyber-physical systems, human-technology interaction, organizational transformation, and strategic foresight. Findings – The study reveals that Industry 4.0 primarily fosters efficiency through automation, data exchange, and smart systems integration. However, it also raises concerns over cyber vulnerabilities and labor market disruptions. Conversely, Industry 5.0 incorporates human creativity and ethical innovation into digital transformation processes, aiming to balance productivity with inclusiveness and adaptability. Nonetheless, both paradigms introduce complex risks, including cybersecurity threats, social inequality in technology access, and institutional inertia. The findings indicate the urgent need for strategic frameworks that mitigate these risks while fostering technological competitiveness. Originality – This research is among the first to conceptually contrast Industry 4.0 and 5.0 from the perspective of economic security. It introduces the concept of Quantum 2.0 as a holistic strategic framework for securing business development through cyber-resilience, institutional adaptation, and human-technology co-evolution. The article contributes to the discourse by linking technological progress with socio-economic resilience, offering insights for policymakers and business strategists seeking sustainable and secure industrial transformation.