The Optical Sensor for IceCube-Gen2
An innovative optical module (OM) with segmented light-sensitive area has been developed for IceCube-Gen2 that will take neutrino astronomy at the South Pole to the next level. It builds on the successful features of the mDOM and D-Egg modules of IceCube Upgrade while adapting to the smaller borehole diameter of IceCube-Gen2. The newly developed OM, which is being tested in IceCube Upgrade, serves as a prototype for the planned mass production of about 10,000 OMs for IceCube-Gen2. To simplify the assembly process, important changes were made to the design, in particular to integrate the new gel pad concept. This replaces the 3D-printed support structure of the mDOM while maintaining through total internal reflection the increased light collection efficiency of the reflector rings. In addition, the design features local generation of high voltage for each photomultiplier tube (PMT) via a Cockcroft-Walton circuit and the full digitization of the signal on each PMT base with a sampling rate of 60 MSpS. This significantly reduces the complexity of the mainboard so that it fits into the limited space available. This article describes the development status and presents the performance of the first prototypes.
Authors
- L. Schumacher (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8945-6722)
- L. Köpke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8530-6348)
- Sofia Athanasiadou
- Kiara Carloni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3859-3748)
- Rasmus Orsoe
- Sarah Mechbal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8579-3964)
- Rishi Babu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5529-6780)
- Philip Weigel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7987-8507)
- Arun Vaidyanathan
- Thijs van Eeden
- Diego Alberto Coloma Borja (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0007-5793)
- G. M. Spiczak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0030-0519)
- Christy Love
- T. Huege (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2783-4772)
- G. Anton (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2039-4724)
- Thien Nhan Chau (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6047-8159)
- Spencer Griswold (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7321-7513)
- Woosik Kang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3980-3778)
- I. Taboada (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3509-3457)
- Daniel Salazar-Gallegos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9312-9684)
- S. R. Klein (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2841-6553)
- Michael Campana (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4162-5739)
- James DeLaunay (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5229-1995)
- Frank Schröder (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8495-7210)
- Felix Schlüter (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5545-4363)
- C. H. Wiebusch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6418-3008)
- P. Desiati (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9768-1858)
- Lukas Hennig (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2816-2242)
- Takaaki Ishii (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6690-7834)
- Abdul Rehman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7616-5790)
- C. De Clercq (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5266-7059)
- Alexander Sandrock (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6779-1172)
- Pierpaolo Savina (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7670-554X)
- Sebastian Schindler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7054-5431)
- Yuriy Popovych
- Steven Wren
- László Papp (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9049-9989)
- Lars Philipp Heuermann
- Samvel Ter-Antonyan
- M. Böhmer
- Ek Narayan Paudel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9276-7994)
- A. Parenti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6132-5680)
- G. de Wasseige (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1010-5100)
- Veronika Palušová (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2467-1215)
- A. Haungs (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9638-7574)
- Erik Ganster (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4393-6944)
- Kareem Ramadan Farrag (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6847-557X)
- Leonora Kardum (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9351-004X)
- Shefali Shefali
- Rogan Clark
- Colton Hill (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0647-9174)
- Frederik Hermann Lauber (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5648-5930)
- J. C. Díaz–Vélez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0087-0693)
- Richard Naab (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2512-466X)
- Julian Saffer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0040-6129)
- Hrvoje Dujmović (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1891-0718)
- Axel Ponten
- J. V. Santen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2412-9728)
- Félix Carbonell (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1450-0423)
- Matheus Hostert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9584-8877)
- Miaochen Jin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0487-5595)
- Karriem Upshaw
- Dawn Williams
- Diyaselis Delgado (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4306-8828)
- Felix Henningsen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0680-6588)
- Markus Dittmer
- J. M. Conrad (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6393-0438)
- P. Eller (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6354-5209)
- S. Yoshida (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2480-5105)
- Julia Book (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6687-5959)
- Giang Do
- D. F. Cowen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4738-0787)
- Aswathi Balagopal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5367-8876)
- Nils Heyer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9036-8623)
- Joelle Savelberg
- Matthew Marsee
- S. Sarkar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3542-858X)
- A. R. Fazely (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6907-8020)
- Finn Mayhew (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7609-403X)
- Kaustav Dutta
- Bennett Brinson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9128-1159)
- F. Halzen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6224-2417)
- Darko Veberič (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2683-1526)
- Elena Manao
- E. Bernardini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3108-1141)
- J. V. Mead (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0875-2533)
- Agnieszka Leszczyńska (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9373-0939)
- Leon Hamacher
- Matthias Thiesmeyer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0005-4762)
- John Rack-Helleis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0780-4274)
- Thomas Ehrhardt
- Maximilian Meier (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9483-9450)
- Martina Karl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2475-8951)
- Masha Mikhailova
- Raamis Hussain (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3919-4426)
- Christian Spiering
- C. Pérez de los Heros (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2084-5866)
- Louise Lallement Arnaud
- Daniel Washington
- Uwe Naumann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7518-5922)
- Emma Kun (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2769-3591)
- Sjoerd Bouma (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6959-2302)
- Michael Riegel
- John Evans
- Darren Grant (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0828-3650)
- Gary J. Hill (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6717-7685)
- Sreetama Goswami (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5614-4092)
- Sanjib Kumar Agarwalla (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9714-8866)
- Wenceslas Marie Sainte
- T. Glüsenkamp (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2268-9297)
- C. Finley (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3350-390X)
- Anna Eimer
- Jan Soedingrekso (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1011-2797)
- C. Argüelles (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4186-4182)
- Aishwarya Vijai
- Attila Hidvégi
- Christian Spannfellner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7992-3120)
- O. Kalekin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6206-1288)
- Fahim Varsi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7795-0467)
- Lucas Bloom (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9938-3164)
- Jan Weldert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3709-2354)
- X. Bai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1827-9121)
- Gaurav Garg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5198-8934)
- Yuya Makino
- M. Kowalski (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8594-8666)
- E. Blaufuss (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5450-1757)
- Seowon Choi
- Shannon Gray (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8029-6838)
- Claudio Kopper (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6288-7637)
- D. Chirkin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4911-1345)
- Pawan Giri
- Vedant Basu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9528-2009)
- Zelong Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0807-8991)
- Oliver Janik
- Gerhard Krieger (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4548-0285)
- Yarno Merckx (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0616-9563)
- Enrique Huesca Santiago (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3435-7863)
- Benjamin Flaggs (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5549-1869)
- Christian Gläser (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5998-2553)
- Philipp Behrens
- O. Botner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8588-7306)
- Alexander Harnisch
- Simon De Kockere (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6724-012X)
- Donghwa Kang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5149-9767)
- I. Safa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8737-6825)
- Kirsten Tollefson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9725-1479)
- J. Böttcher (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3387-4236)
- Cosmin Deaconu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4953-6397)
- Erin O’Sullivan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1882-8802)
- Ashish Narayan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2891-5977)
- Jorge Torres
- D. Ryckbosch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8759-7553)
- S. Sclafani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-1219)
- Stephanie Hickford
- Maria Liubarska
- Nora Valtonen-Mattila (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1830-098X)
- Thomas Stuttard (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7944-279X)
- Will Thompson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1353-2562)
- Sarah Mancina (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9879-3896)
- Lukas Merten (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1332-9895)
- T. Stezelberger (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2676-9574)
- G. W. Sullivan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2585-2352)
- Jean Pierre Twagirayezu
- T. Karg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3251-2126)
- Jakob Henrichs (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5813-9273)
- Zackary Meyers
- A. G. Vieregg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4528-9886)
- U. Katz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7063-4418)
- R. W. Moore (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4160-4700)
- Jakob Beise (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7448-4189)
- Christian Haack (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3932-2448)
- Akanksha Katil
- Benjamin D. Hoffmann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4010-4723)
- Sharmistha Chattopadhyay
- A. Taketa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6936-4118)
- Eric Oberla (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8344-7999)
- A. Ishihara (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3467-1956)
- Alex Wen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4869-7867)
- L. Halve (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2237-6714)
- Joshua Veitch-Michaelis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2780-7843)
- J. J. Evans (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4697-3337)
- Daniel Durnford (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6608-7650)
- Zoë Rechav
- A. Obertacke Pollmann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2492-043X)
- J. S. Gallagher (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8608-0408)
- Jethro Stoffels
- A. Hallgren (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7751-4489)
- Rachel Procter-Murphy
- Ava Ghadimi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6350-6485)
- Jannis Necker (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0280-7484)
- M. Ackermann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8952-588X)
- W. Iwakiri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0207-9010)
- Peter John Cusack Coleman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3266-7358)
- M. J. Larson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6996-1155)
- Perri Zilberman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4714-0679)
- Janeth Valverde (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8090-6528)
- A. Pizzuto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8466-8168)
- Abhishek Desai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7405-9994)
- Paras Koundal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5917-5230)
- Emre Burak Yildizci
- K. Meagher (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3967-1533)
- Zheyang Chen
- Chang Dong Rho (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6524-9769)
- R. Maruyama (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2794-512X)
- Caterina Boscolo Meneguolo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8325-4329)
- Minjin Jeong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2420-6639)
- Ella Roberts
- Gunter Worner
- Vivian O'Dell (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0903-543X)
- Tianlu Yuan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7041-5872)
- Carolin Klein
- Angela Zegarelli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1497-3826)
- Federico Bontempo
- S. BenZvi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5537-4710)
- A. Franckowiak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5605-2219)
- Ryan T. Burley
- Lea Schlickmann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9746-6872)
- A. Nelles (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1720-6350)
- Shuyang Deng
- K. Noda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1397-6478)
- Yosuke Ashida (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4136-2086)
- Bob Morse
- Waleed Esmail (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0097-3668)
- K. Hultqvist (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0602-9472)
- N. Whitehorn (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3157-0407)
- C. Rott (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6958-6033)
- Larissa Paul (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4007-2829)
- Moreno Baricevic
- M. A. DuVernois (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2987-9691)
- T. Katori (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9429-9482)
- M. Rameez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5023-5631)
- A. Karle (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9889-5161)
- Thomas Huber (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6515-1673)
- N. Kurahashi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1047-8094)
- Gerrit Wrede
- Hans Niederhausen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9566-4904)
- W. Rhode (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2636-5000)
- Alejandra Granados (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-9281)
- Francesco Lucarelli
- K. Andeen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9394-0007)
- D. B. Fox (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3714-672X)
- Tomas Kontrimas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8585-0933)
- Barbara Skrzypek
- Neha Navnitkumar Lad
- Martin Ha Minh
- Bruno Benkel
- Anatoli Fedynitch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2837-3477)
- Ali Kheirandish (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7074-0539)
- P. A. Evenson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7929-810X)
- K. Helbing (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2072-4172)
- Martin Liu
- H. Fujii (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5738-4680)
- Jesse Osborn
- S. Hallmann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9847-7189)
- P. Sandstrom
- Marco Stein Muzio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4615-5529)
- Megha Venugopal
- Dennis Soldin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3005-7879)
- M. Kauer
- Jean-Marco Alameddine (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9534-9189)
- Sebastian BOSER
- David Joseph Guevel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0870-2328)
- A. Kappes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1315-3711)
- Frank McNally (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0785-2244)
- J. Kiryluk (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0264-3133)
- Mark Weyrauch
- Ivan Martínez-Soler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0308-3003)
- T. Montaruli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5014-2152)
- Else Magnus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8111-1154)
- Martin Wolf (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7525-891X)
- Alexander Novikov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-7252)
- D. Heinen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4502-7288)
- N. Kamp (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9232-259X)
- Patrick Hatch
- Abigail Bishop (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0375-644X)
- Chiara Bellenghi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8525-7515)
- Krishnamoorthi Jayakumar
- Mauricio Bustamante (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6923-0865)
- Philipp Fürst (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7951-8042)
- Benedikt Riedel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9524-8943)
- Shivesh Mandalia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2800-0005)
- Delaney Butterfield
- M. Plum
- Maria Prado Rodriguez
- Kayla Leonard DeHolton (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-0601)
- Emmett Krupczak
- Pascal Gutjahr (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7980-7285)
- Rasha Abbasi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6141-4205)
- Pranav Sampathkumar
- Jan Audehm (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4394-5616)
- S. Seunarine (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3272-6896)
- Sam Hori (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2644-5955)
- Marc Jacquart
- Tista Mukherjee (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0962-4878)
- M. Stamatikos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7253-8553)
- Ilya Kravchenko (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0068-0395)
- Adam Rifaie (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1010-5156)
- Lincoln Draper
- Philipp Soldin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-2495)
- Johannes Werthebach
- Tanvi Krishnan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2405-7541)
- Leonhard Eidenschink
- Giacomo Sommani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0094-826X)
- Szabolcs Márka (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3957-1324)
- Josh Peterson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7985-1443)
- Xinyue Kang
- Yasutsugu Morii
- Alina Kochocki (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3782-0128)
- Martin Rongen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7057-1007)
- Michael Handt
- Hannah Erpenbeck
- Krijn de Vries
- Riya Shah
- Mohammad Ful Hossain Seikh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4464-7354)
- Chris Weaver (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6713-093X)
- Anuj Kumar Upadhyay (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1957-2626)
- B. Pries (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4811-9863)
- N. Rad (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5204-0851)
- Merlin Schaufel
- Sally Robertson
- Marjon Moulai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7909-5812)
- M. Ahlers (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0709-5631)
- Leander Fischer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7645-8048)
- Berit Schlüter
- Kwok Lung Fan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8246-4751)
- D. J. Koskinen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0514-5917)
- Jonas Häußler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5552-4821)
- Karolin Hymon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4377-5207)
- Maddalena Cataldo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6437-5600)
- Sean Griffin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8521-9404)
- C. Ha (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9598-8589)
- Yuhua Yao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4611-0075)
- Jonas Hellrung (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7300-8961)
- Stef Verpoest (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3031-3206)
- Simon Zierke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0731-2491)
- Alexandra Trettin
- J. L. Kelley (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0846-4542)
- Joshua Villarreal
- Simeon Reusch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7788-628X)
- Brian Hendricks
- Summer Blot (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1089-3001)
- Maxwell Nakos
- H. Kolanoski (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0435-2524)
- Ludwig Neste (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4829-3469)
- Nick Schmeisser
- Lucas Witthaus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0666-3671)
- Annanay Jaitly (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5565-5528)
- Anke Mosbrugger
- Eliot Genton (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5263-972X)
- Teresa Pernice
- Patrick Schaile
- Martin Langgård Ravn (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6872-8603)
- Lu Lu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1651-5944)
- Shuo Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1841-1727)
- Andrew Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2889-6184)
- Takurõ Kobayashi
- Ruohan Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2725-7075)
- Yang Lyu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0510-828X)
- Ke Fang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5703-7363)
- Shiqi Yu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1906-6184)
- Anil Kumar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0069-2524)
- Yukiho Kobayashi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5680-6614)
- Alfonso Garcia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8186-2459)
- Norio Shimizu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4686-1087)
- Wenjie Hou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3422-7185)
- Samyak Jain (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7455-782X)
- Justin Mitchell
- J. Becker Tjus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1748-7367)
- Satoshi Fukami
- Jessie Thwaites (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9179-3760)
- Serap Tilav
- John LoSecco
- Ralph Engel
- K. B. M. Mahn
- Xianwu Xu
- Najia Moureen Binte Amin
- Andreas Weindl
- Mike Shaevitz
- Robert Snihur
- Arifa Khatee Zathul
- Kotoyo Hoshina
- Robert Young
- Sebastian Vergara Carrasco
- Kara Hoffman
- A. Søgaard (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0823-056X)
- Jenni Adams
- D. Seckel
- Juliana Stachurska (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0238-5608)
- G. T. Przybylski
- Ryan Bay
- Y. Tsunesada (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9238-6817)
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- Juan Pablo Yáñez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5373-2569)
- Delia Tosi
- T. C. Petersen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0221-3037)
- Katherine Rawlins
- Torsten Schmidt
- Timo Stürwald
- Justin Vandenbroucke
- Todor Stanev
- Andrii Terliuk
- Manisha Lohan
- Brian Clark
- H. Schieler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2637-4778)
- G. B. Yu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0615-8082)
- D. Berley
- Lilly Pyras
- Ioana Codrina Maris
- Dominik Elsässer
- M. Silva (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6940-8184)
- Nahee Park
- Stephanie Wissel
- Pavel Zhelnin
- Alba Domi
- Simona Toscano
- K. Hanson
- Zsuzsa Márka
- Melany Zimmerman
- L. Gerhardt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0166-5162)
- Gabriel Collin
- Manish Khanal
- John Hardin
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- Juanan Aguilar
- Matti Jansson
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- Jim Braun
- Enrico Ellinger
- Jürgen Borowka
- Dave Besson
- Rebecca Corley
- C. Walck
- Christoph Günther
- Spencer Axani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8866-3826)
- Alan Coleman
- Nora Feigl
- Tim Ruhe
- Jim Madsen
- Chris Wendt
- Matthias Kleifges
- Miriam Neumann
- Jiyuan Liao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6250-4765)
- N. van Eijndhoven (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5558-3328)
- M. Santander (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7297-8217)
- E. Resconi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0705-2770)
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- Shoukat Ali
- Sonke Schwirn
- Leo Seen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9204-0241)
- Grace Sanger-Johnson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4463-2902)
- Stephen DiKerby (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2633-2196)
- Steven Eulig
- Brandon Henke
- Lars Marten
- Archie Millsop
- Despina Mousadi
- Zeynep Su Selcuk
- Tagtshen Tamang
- Lene van Rootselaar
- Thomas Delmeulle
- Lasse Dueser
- Treston Egby
Publication Details
- Published
- 2025-09-24
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.22323/1.501.1072
- Primary Topic
- Radio Wave Propagation Studies
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- National Science Foundation
- U.S. Department of Energy
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Nvidia
- Michigan State University
- Villum Fonden
- Polarforskningssekretariatet
- Marquette University
- Western Canada Research Grid
- European Commission
- National Research Foundation
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
- Belgian Federal Science Policy Office
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
- Vetenskapsrådet
- RWTH Aachen University
- Chiba University
- Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics
- Alliance de recherche numérique du Canada
- College of Engineering, Michigan State University
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Marsden Fund
- Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University
- Office of Polar Programs
- Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure
- Office of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research