Muon number reconstruction with IceTop using a two-component lateral distribution function
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory, situated at the geographic South Pole, comprises both a surface component, IceTop, and a deep in-ice component. This unique setup allows for simultaneous measurements of low-energy ($\sim \rm{GeV}$) and high-energy ($\gtrsim 400\,\rm{GeV}$) muons generated in cosmic-ray air showers. The correlation between these low- and high-energy muons can serve as a valuable tool not only for analyzing cosmic-ray composition but also for tests of hadronic interaction models. However, IceTop does not feature dedicated muon detectors, making it challenging to measure the low-energy muon component for individual air showers. For this reason, a two-component lateral distribution function is utilized for the simultaneous reconstruction of the primary energy and low-energy muon number on a single-event basis. This is achieved by combining analytical descriptions of the electromagnetic and muon lateral distributions. In this work, the underlying principles of this method will be discussed, as well as its capability for muon number reconstruction using the hadronic interaction models Sibyll 2.1, QGSJet-II.04, and EPOS-LHC.
Authors
- Delaney Butterfield
- L. Schumacher (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8945-6722)
- L. Köpke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8530-6348)
- Sofia Athanasiadou
- Kiara Carloni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3859-3748)
- Sarah Mechbal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8579-3964)
- Rishi Babu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5529-6780)
- Philip Weigel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7987-8507)
- Arun Vaidyanathan
- Thijs van Eeden
- Diego Alberto Coloma Borja (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0007-5793)
- G. M. Spiczak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0030-0519)
- Christy Love
- M. Lamoureux (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8860-5826)
- Krishnamoorthi Jayakumar
- Thien Nhan Chau (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6047-8159)
- Woosik Kang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3980-3778)
- I. Taboada (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3509-3457)
- Daniel Salazar-Gallegos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9312-9684)
- S. R. Klein (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2841-6553)
- Michael Campana (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4162-5739)
- James DeLaunay (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5229-1995)
- Frank Schröder (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8495-7210)
- Jonathan Mauro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9324-7970)
- Felix Schlüter (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5545-4363)
- C. H. Wiebusch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6418-3008)
- P. Desiati (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9768-1858)
- Lukas Hennig (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2816-2242)
- C. De Clercq (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5266-7059)
- K. D. de Vries (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9842-4068)
- Alexander Sandrock (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6779-1172)
- Anil Kumar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7288-7697)
- Felix Henningsen
- Sebastian Schindler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7054-5431)
- Yuriy Popovych
- Axel Pontén (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2463-2930)
- Hershal Pandya (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6138-4808)
- Samvel Ter-Antonyan
- Ek Narayan Paudel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9276-7994)
- A. Parenti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6132-5680)
- G. de Wasseige (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1010-5100)
- Emre Burak Yildizci
- Veronika Palušová (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2467-1215)
- A. Haungs (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9638-7574)
- Erik Ganster (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4393-6944)
- Leonora Kardum (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9351-004X)
- Shefali Shefali
- Colton Hill (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0647-9174)
- Laurent Arnaud (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4432-4205)
- Shiqi Yu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0035-7766)
- Frederik Hermann Lauber (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5648-5930)
- J. C. Díaz–Vélez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0087-0693)
- Alexander Kappes
- Richard Naab (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2512-466X)
- Julian Saffer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0040-6129)
- Christoph Raab (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9921-2668)
- Félix Carbonell (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1450-0423)
- Matheus Hostert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9584-8877)
- Spencer Axani
- Miaochen Jin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0487-5595)
- Karriem Upshaw
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- Markus Dittmer
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- Julia Book (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6687-5959)
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- Aswathi Balagopal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5367-8876)
- Nils Heyer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9036-8623)
- Joelle Savelberg
- Diyaselis Delgado
- A. R. Fazely (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6907-8020)
- Finn Mayhew (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7609-403X)
- Kaustav Dutta
- Bennett Brinson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9128-1159)
- F. Halzen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6224-2417)
- Jeffrey Lazar
- Elena Manao
- Alicia Mand (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9697-1702)
- John Evans
- David Berley
- Tetiana Kozynets
- Agnieszka Leszczyńska (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9373-0939)
- Leon Hamacher
- Kael Hanson
- John Rack-Helleis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0780-4274)
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- Martina Karl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2475-8951)
- Christian Spiering
- C. Pérez de los Heros (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2084-5866)
- Cristina Lagunas Gualda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9040-7191)
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- Darren Grant (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0828-3650)
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- Anna Eimer
- Matthias Thiesmeyer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0005-4762)
- Jan Soedingrekso (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1011-2797)
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- Aishwarya Vijai
- Attila Hidvégi
- Kathrine Mørch Groth (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1581-9049)
- Christian Spannfellner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7992-3120)
- Fahim Varsi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7795-0467)
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- Jan Weldert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3709-2354)
- X. Bai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1827-9121)
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- Yuya Makino
- M. Kowalski (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8594-8666)
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- Seowon Choi
- Shannon Gray (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8029-6838)
- V. A. Parrish (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5164-9414)
- Claudio Kopper (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6288-7637)
- D. Chirkin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4911-1345)
- Vedant Basu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9528-2009)
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- Elisa Bernardini
- O. Botner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8588-7306)
- Alexander Harnisch
- Xianwu Xu
- Kareem Ramadan Farrag
- J. Böttcher (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3387-4236)
- Erin O’Sullivan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1882-8802)
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- D. Ryckbosch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8759-7553)
- S. Sclafani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-1219)
- Maria Liubarska
- Nora Valtonen-Mattila (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1830-098X)
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- Will Thompson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1353-2562)
- Sarah Mancina (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9879-3896)
- Lukas Merten (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1332-9895)
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- Jakob Beise (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7448-4189)
- Christian Haack (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3932-2448)
- Akanksha Katil
- Simeon Bash (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2680-1271)
- A. Ishihara (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3467-1956)
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- Martin Ha Minh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7776-4875)
- Daniel Durnford (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6608-7650)
- Zoë Rechav
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- Spencer Griswold
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- Leander Fischer
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- Rasha Abbasi
- W. Iwakiri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0207-9010)
- Peter John Cusack Coleman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3266-7358)
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- Yang Lyu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2333-4383)
- Paras Koundal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5917-5230)
- K. Meagher (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3967-1533)
- Zheyang Chen
- Andreas Noell
- Chang Dong Rho (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6524-9769)
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- Ella Roberts
- Rattikorn Hewett (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9021-7777)
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- Jose Carpio
- Federico Bontempo
- S. BenZvi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5537-4710)
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- Gerrit Wrede
- Hans Niederhausen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9566-4904)
- W. Rhode (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2636-5000)
- Alejandra Granados (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-9281)
- Francesco Lucarelli
- K. Andeen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9394-0007)
- D. B. Fox (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3714-672X)
- Tomas Kontrimas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8585-0933)
- Karlijn Kruiswijk (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9261-0537)
- Barbara Skrzypek
- Anatoli Fedynitch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2837-3477)
- Ali Kheirandish (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7074-0539)
- P. A. Evenson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7929-810X)
- K. Helbing (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2072-4172)
- Jesse Osborn
- Megha Venugopal
- Dennis Soldin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3005-7879)
- M. Kauer
- Jean-Marco Alameddine (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9534-9189)
- Thomas S. Huber (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8167-8651)
- Sebastian BOSER
- David Joseph Guevel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0870-2328)
- Frank McNally (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0785-2244)
- J. Kiryluk (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0264-3133)
- Kara Hoffman
- Mark Weyrauch
- Ivan Martínez-Soler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0308-3003)
- T. Montaruli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5014-2152)
- Else Magnus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8111-1154)
- Yitong Liu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6577-1971)
- Alexander Novikov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-7252)
- N. Kamp (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9232-259X)
- Lars Philipp Heuermann
- Chiara Bellenghi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8525-7515)
- Patrick Hatch
- Philipp Fürst (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7951-8042)
- J. J. Beatty (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0481-4952)
- M. García (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0316-1208)
- Benedikt Riedel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9524-8943)
- M. Plum
- Maria Prado Rodriguez
- Kayla Leonard DeHolton (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-0601)
- Emmett Krupczak
- Ramesh Koirala (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7735-7169)
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- Pranav Sampathkumar
- Neha Navnitkumar Lad
- S. Seunarine (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3272-6896)
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- Marc Jacquart
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- Xinyue Kang
- Yasutsugu Morii
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- Hannah Erpenbeck
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- Ludwig Neste (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4829-3469)
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- Eliot Genton (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5263-972X)
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- Patrick Schaile
- H. Kimku
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- Li Ruohan
- Nobuhiro Shimizu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6857-1772)
- Yukiho Kobayashi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5551-2845)
- Alfonso Garcia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8186-2459)
- Martin Wolf (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7226-9592)
- Wenjie Hou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3422-7185)
- Robert A. Young (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5105-9334)
- Samyak Jain (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7455-782X)
- Justin Mitchell
- J. Becker Tjus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1748-7367)
- Satoshi Fukami
- Christoph Günther (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7667-6304)
- Riya Shah (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2829-1260)
- Jessie Thwaites (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9179-3760)
- Serap Tilav
- Ralph Engel
- K. B. M. Mahn
- Kirsten Tollefson
- Najia Moureen Binte Amin
- Andreas Weindl
- Robert Snihur
- Arifa Khatee Zathul
- Kotoyo Hoshina
- Sebastian Vergara Carrasco
- Stephanie Hickford
- Subir Sarkar
- A. Søgaard (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0823-056X)
- Jenni Adams
- Sally Robertson
- D. Seckel
- Uwe Naumann
- Juliana Stachurska (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0238-5608)
- G. T. Przybylski
- Ryan Bay
- Jakob van Santen
- C. Lin
- Alex Olivas
- Juan Pablo Yáñez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5373-2569)
- T. DeYoung (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-3783)
- Delia Tosi
- Dan Hooper (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2456-1221)
- Katherine Rawlins
- Torsten Schmidt
- Timo Stürwald
- M. U. Nisa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6859-3944)
- Todor Stanev
- Andrii Terliuk
- Alba Domi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-7296)
- Brian Clark
- Ioana Codrina Mariş (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5771-1124)
- G. B. Yu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0615-8082)
- Justin Vandenbroucke
- Maximilian Meier
- Lilly Pyras
- Dominik Elsässer
- Nahee Park
- Sharmistha Chattopadhyay
- Pavel Zhelnin
- Sean Griffin
- John Hardin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7470-9010)
- Zsuzsa Márka
- Michael J Larson
- L. Gerhardt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0166-5162)
- Gabriel Collin
- Manish Khanal
- Angela Zegarelli
- Andrés Medina
- Juanan Aguilar
- Matti Jansson
- Steven W. Barwick
- Jim Braun
- Enrico Ellinger
- Rebecca Corley
- C. Walck
- Alan Coleman
- Nora Feigl
- Jim Madsen
- Chris Wendt
- Elizabeth Warrick
- Marcos Santander
- Miriam Neumann
- B. L. Henke
- Jiyuan Liao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6250-4765)
- N. van Eijndhoven (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5558-3328)
- T. Ruhe (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4080-9563)
- E. Resconi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0705-2770)
- Per Arne Sevle Myhr
- Zoe Brisson-Tsavoussis
- Shoukat Ali
- Ramy Hmaid
- Sonke Schwirn
- Leo Seen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9204-0241)
- Grace Sanger-Johnson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4463-2902)
- Marco Scarnera
- Stephen DiKerby (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2633-2196)
- Joe Baines-Holmes
- L. Van Rootselaar
- Lars Marten
- Logan Molchany
- Despina Mousadi
- Emile Moyaux
- Vaidehi Poojyam
- Ian Reistroffer
- Ilya Bodo
- Amar Thakuri
- Lasse Dueser
- Steven Eulig
- T. Delmeulle
Publication Details
- Published
- 2025-09-24
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.22323/1.501.0437
- Primary Topic
- Particle Detector Development and Performance
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- National Science Foundation
- U.S. Department of Energy
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Nvidia
- Michigan State University
- Villum Fonden
- Polarforskningssekretariatet
- Marquette University
- Western Canada Research Grid
- European Commission
- National Research Foundation
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
- Belgian Federal Science Policy Office
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
- Vetenskapsrådet
- RWTH Aachen University
- Chiba University
- Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics
- Alliance de recherche numérique du Canada
- College of Engineering, Michigan State University
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Marsden Fund
- Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University
- Office of Polar Programs
- Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure
- Office of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research