Search for Sub-Relativistic Magnetic Monopoles with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
Magnetic monopoles are beyond standard model particles, predicted by Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) to be created during the early universe. At typical masses of the GUT-scale - above $10^{14}$ GeV - these particles would move at sub-relativistic speeds. The Rubakov-Callan effect predicts that magnetic monopoles can catalyze nucleon decays, in particular the decay of protons. This results in a unique signature of small particle cascades along the trajectory of the slow moving magnetic monopole. Since 2012, a dedicated Slow-Particle Filter has been implemented in the IceCube Neutrino Observatory for the detection of magnetic monopoles. Current limits set an upper bound for the monopole flux at $\Phi_{\mathrm{90}}\leq 10^{-17}$ to $10^{-18} \mathrm{cm}^{-2}\mathrm{s}^{-1}\mathrm{sr}^{-1}$ depending on the catalysis cross section for the proton decay. A detection of the monopole flux thus requires exceptional background rejection and signal efficiency. This is accomplished using machine learning methods. In this analysis, we use a multi-level boosted decision tree classifier. We present the strategy behind the background and signal simulation, the classification efficiency, and IceCube’s projected sensitivity for the detection of sub-relativistic magnetic monopoles.
Authors
- Lars Philipp Heuermann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2038-7307)
- Delaney Butterfield
- L. Schumacher (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8945-6722)
- L. Köpke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8530-6348)
- Sofia Athanasiadou
- Kiara Carloni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3859-3748)
- Sarah Mechbal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8579-3964)
- Rishi Babu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5529-6780)
- Philip Weigel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7987-8507)
- Arun Vaidyanathan
- Thijs van Eeden
- Diego Alberto Coloma Borja (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0007-5793)
- Allan Hallgren
- G. M. Spiczak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0030-0519)
- Christy Love
- M. Lamoureux (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8860-5826)
- Thien Nhan Chau (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6047-8159)
- Spencer Griswold (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7321-7513)
- Woosik Kang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3980-3778)
- I. Taboada (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3509-3457)
- Daniel Salazar-Gallegos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9312-9684)
- Andrés Martínez-Medina (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5309-9310)
- James DeLaunay (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5229-1995)
- Frank Schröder (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8495-7210)
- Jonathan Mauro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9324-7970)
- Felix Schlüter (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5545-4363)
- Ali Kheirandish
- C. H. Wiebusch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6418-3008)
- P. Desiati (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9768-1858)
- Lukas Hennig (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2816-2242)
- C. De Clercq (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5266-7059)
- Hershal Pandya
- Alexander Sandrock (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6779-1172)
- Anil Kumar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7288-7697)
- Felix Henningsen
- Sebastian Schindler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7054-5431)
- Yuriy Popovych
- Federico Bontempo
- Axel Ponten
- Claudio Kopper
- Samvel Ter-Antonyan
- Ek Narayan Paudel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9276-7994)
- A. Parenti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6132-5680)
- G. de Wasseige (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1010-5100)
- Emre Burak Yildizci
- Veronika Palušová (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2467-1215)
- A. Haungs (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9638-7574)
- Benedikt Riedel
- Erik Ganster (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4393-6944)
- Kareem Ramadan Farrag (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6847-557X)
- Leonora Kardum (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9351-004X)
- Shefali Shefali
- Colton Hill (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0647-9174)
- Frederik Hermann Lauber (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5648-5930)
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- Alexander Kappes
- Richard Naab (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2512-466X)
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- Christoph Raab (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9921-2668)
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- Miaochen Jin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0487-5595)
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- A. R. Fazely (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6907-8020)
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- Shannon Gray (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8029-6838)
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- Caterina Boscolo Meneguolo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8325-4329)
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- Hans Niederhausen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9566-4904)
- W. Rhode (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2636-5000)
- Alejandra Granados (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-9281)
- Francesco Lucarelli
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- D. B. Fox (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3714-672X)
- Karlijn Kruiswijk (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9261-0537)
- Merlin Schaufel
- Anatoli Fedynitch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2837-3477)
- P. A. Evenson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7929-810X)
- Tetiana Kozynets (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2723-3931)
- Chun Lin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5496-8824)
- K. Helbing (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2072-4172)
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- Megha Venugopal
- Dennis Soldin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3005-7879)
- M. Kauer
- Jean-Marco Alameddine (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9534-9189)
- Thomas S. Huber (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8167-8651)
- Sebastian BOSER
- David Joseph Guevel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0870-2328)
- Frank McNally (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0785-2244)
- Thomas Ehrhardt
- Jason Koskinen
- Kara Hoffman
- Mark Weyrauch
- Ivan Martínez-Soler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0308-3003)
- T. Montaruli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5014-2152)
- Else Magnus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8111-1154)
- Yitong Liu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6577-1971)
- Alexander Novikov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-7252)
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- Patrick Hatch
- Chiara Bellenghi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8525-7515)
- Krishnamoorthi Jayakumar
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- M. Plum
- Maria Prado Rodriguez
- Kayla Leonard DeHolton (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-0601)
- Emmett Krupczak
- Ramesh Koirala (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7735-7169)
- Pascal Gutjahr (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7980-7285)
- Pranav Sampathkumar
- S. Seunarine (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3272-6896)
- Sam Hori (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2644-5955)
- Marc Jacquart
- Tista Mukherjee (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0962-4878)
- M. Stamatikos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7253-8553)
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- Lincoln Draper
- Philipp Soldin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-2495)
- Giacomo Sommani
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- Leonhard Eidenschink
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- Szabolcs Márka (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3957-1324)
- Xinyue Kang
- Yasutsugu Morii
- Alina Kochocki (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3782-0128)
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- Michael Handt
- Krijn de Vries
- Riya Shah
- Mohammad Ful Hossain Seikh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4464-7354)
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- Anuj Kumar Upadhyay (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1957-2626)
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- William Luszczak
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- Donghwa Kang
- Stef Verpoest (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3031-3206)
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- Alexandra Trettin
- J. L. Kelley (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0846-4542)
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- Simeon Reusch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7788-628X)
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- Paul Behrens (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2935-4799)
- Summer Blot (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1089-3001)
- Maxwell Nakos
- H. Kolanoski (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0435-2524)
- Ludwig Neste (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4829-3469)
- Nick Schmeisser
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- Anke Mosbrugger
- Eliot Genton (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5263-972X)
- Teresa Pernice
- Patrick Schaile
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- Shuo Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2967-790X)
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- Li Ruohan
- Yang Lyu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0510-828X)
- Nobuhiro Shimizu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6857-1772)
- Yukiho Kobayashi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5551-2845)
- Abdul Rehman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3658-4913)
- Shiqi Yu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6136-5183)
- Wenjie Hou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3422-7185)
- Robert A. Young (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5105-9334)
- Samyak Jain (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7455-782X)
- Justin Mitchell
- J. Becker Tjus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1748-7367)
- Christoph Günther (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7667-6304)
- Serap Tilav
- Ralph Engel
- K. B. M. Mahn
- Javier Gonzalez
- Najia Moureen Binte Amin
- Andreas Weindl
- Robert Snihur
- Arifa Khatee Zathul
- Kotoyo Hoshina
- Sebastian Vergara Carrasco
- Stephanie Hickford
- Subir Sarkar
- A. Søgaard (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0823-056X)
- Olga Botner
- Sally Robertson
- D. Seckel
- Juliana Stachurska (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0238-5608)
- G. T. Przybylski
- Ryan Bay
- Jenni Adams
- Dan Hooper
- Alex Olivas
- Juan Pablo Yáñez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5373-2569)
- T. DeYoung (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-3783)
- Delia Tosi
- Katherine Rawlins
- Torsten Schmidt
- Timo Stürwald
- Tim Ruhe
- M. U. Nisa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6859-3944)
- Todor Stanev
- Andrii Terliuk
- Martin Ha Minh
- Brian Clark
- H. Schieler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2637-4778)
- Ioana Codrina Mariş (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5771-1124)
- Lu Lü (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8290-8834)
- Christian Spiering
- G. B. Yu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0615-8082)
- Justin Vandenbroucke
- Maximilian Meier
- Lilly Pyras
- Dominik Elsässer
- Nahee Park
- Pavel Zhelnin
- Alba Domi
- K. Hanson
- John Hardin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7470-9010)
- Zsuzsa Márka
- L. Gerhardt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0166-5162)
- Gabriel Collin
- Manish Khanal
- Juanan Aguilar
- Johannes Werthebach
- Matti Jansson
- Steven W. Barwick
- Jim Braun
- Enrico Ellinger
- Dave Besson
- Rebecca Corley
- C. Walck
- Xianwu Xu
- Spencer Axani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8866-3826)
- Nora Feigl
- Jessie Thwaites
- Jim Madsen
- Chris Wendt
- Elizabeth Warrick
- Marcos Santander
- Miriam Neumann
- B. L. Henke
- Jiyuan Liao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6250-4765)
- N. van Eijndhoven (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5558-3328)
- E. Resconi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0705-2770)
- Per Arne Sevle Myhr
- Zoe Brisson-Tsavoussis
- Shoukat Ali
- Ramy Hmaid
- Sonke Schwirn
- Leo Seen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9204-0241)
- Grace Sanger-Johnson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4463-2902)
- Marco Scarnera
- Stephen DiKerby (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2633-2196)
- Emile Moyaux
- Steven Eulig
- Hani KimKu
- Lars Marten
- Ilya Bodo
- Joe Baines-Holmes
- Thomas Delmeulle
- Amar Thakuri
- Logan Molchany
- Despina Mousadi
- Vaidehi Poojyam
- Ian Reistroffer
- Lene van Rootselaar
- Lasse Dueser
Publication Details
- Published
- 2025-09-24
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.22323/1.501.0492
- Primary Topic
- Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00