Organoids in Dentistry and Oral Medicine: From Disease Models to Regenerative Medicine

Organoids have emerged as powerful three-dimensional models that recapitulate the structure and function of dental and oral tissues through the self-organization of stem or progenitor cells. Recent advances in organoid technology have enabled the generation of tooth, salivary gland, and oral mucosal constructs, offering unprecedented opportunities in disease modeling, drug testing, and regenerative therapies. Despite rapid progress, research in this field remains fragmented, necessitating a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge. This review systematically examines the latest strategies for constructing organoids and their transformative applications in dentistry and oral medicine, including pathogenesis studies, high-throughput drug screening, tissue engineering, and host-microbiome interactions. Furthermore, we critically evaluate the advantages and limitations of existing methodologies while outlining future directions for innovation. By consolidating key insights, this work aims to accelerate the standardization and clinical translation of organoid-based approaches, ultimately advancing precision medicine in dentistry and oral healthcare.