Single-cell dissection of avian (chicken) H1N1 influenza virus coinfection dynamics in mammalian (mouse) and avian (chicken) hosts

The cross-species transmission mechanisms and host-specific immune adaptations of avian H1N1 influenza viruses remain poorly understood.Avian H1N1 influenza viruses represent a persistent zoonotic threat, owing to their evolutionary plasticity and capacity for cross-species transmission.These viruses, while endemic in Avian reservoirs, frequently acquire mutations that enable spillover into Mammalian hosts, including humans, pigs, and other intermediate species [1].Notable outbreaks, such as the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, underscore the pandemic potential of such interspecies jumps.