A search for extremely-high-energy neutrinos with IceCube and implications for the ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray proton fraction
When ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) interact with ambient photon backgrounds, a flux of extremely-high-energy (EHE), so-called cosmogenic, neutrinos is produced. The observation of these neutrinos with IceCube can probe the nature of UHECRs. We present a search for EHE neutrinos using 12.6 years of IceCube data. The non-observation of neutrinos with energies $\gtrsim 10 \, \mathrm{PeV}$ constrains the all-flavor neutrino flux at $1 \, \mathrm{EeV}$ to be below $E^2 \Phi_{\nu_e + \nu_\mu + \nu_\tau} \simeq 10^{-8} \, \mathrm{GeV} \, \mathrm{cm}^{-2} \, \mathrm{sr}^{-1} \, \mathrm{s}^{-1}$, the most stringent limit to date. This constrains the proton fraction in UHECRs of energy above $30 \, \mathrm{EeV}$ to be $\lesssim 70\%$ if the evolution of the UHECR sources is similar to the star formation rate. Our analysis circumvents uncertainties associated with hadronic interaction models in studies of UHECR air showers, which also suggest a heavy composition at such energies.
Authors
- L. Schumacher (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8945-6722)
- L. Köpke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8530-6348)
- Sofia Athanasiadou
- Kiara Carloni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3859-3748)
- Rasmus Orsoe
- Sarah Mechbal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8579-3964)
- Rishi Babu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5529-6780)
- Philip Weigel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7987-8507)
- Arun Vaidyanathan
- Thijs van Eeden
- Diego Alberto Coloma Borja (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0007-5793)
- James DeLaunay
- Allan Hallgren
- G. M. Spiczak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0030-0519)
- Christy Love
- M. Lamoureux (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8860-5826)
- Thien Nhan Chau (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6047-8159)
- Spencer Griswold (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7321-7513)
- Woosik Kang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3980-3778)
- I. Taboada (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3509-3457)
- Daniel Salazar-Gallegos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9312-9684)
- Michael Campana (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4162-5739)
- Andrés Martínez-Medina (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5309-9310)
- Frank Schröder (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8495-7210)
- Jonathan Mauro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9324-7970)
- Felix Schlüter (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5545-4363)
- Delaney Butterfield
- Ali Kheirandish
- C. H. Wiebusch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6418-3008)
- P. Desiati (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9768-1858)
- Lukas Hennig (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2816-2242)
- Krishnamoorthi Jayakumar
- C. De Clercq (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5266-7059)
- Hershal Pandya
- Alexander Sandrock (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6779-1172)
- Sebastian Schindler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7054-5431)
- Yuriy Popovych
- Federico Bontempo
- Claudio Kopper
- Ek Narayan Paudel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9276-7994)
- A. Parenti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6132-5680)
- Emre Burak Yildizci
- Veronika Palušová (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2467-1215)
- A. Haungs (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9638-7574)
- Erik Ganster (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4393-6944)
- Leonora Kardum (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9351-004X)
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- Julian Saffer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0040-6129)
- Axel Ponten
- Christoph Raab (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9921-2668)
- Félix Carbonell (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1450-0423)
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- Karlijn Kruiswijk (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9261-0537)
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- Tetiana Kozynets (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2723-3931)
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- Dennis Soldin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3005-7879)
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- Jean-Marco Alameddine (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9534-9189)
- Thomas S. Huber (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8167-8651)
- Sebastian BOSER
- David Joseph Guevel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0870-2328)
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- Jason Koskinen
- Kara Hoffman
- Mark Weyrauch
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- Alexander Novikov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-7252)
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- Patrick Hatch
- Chiara Bellenghi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8525-7515)
- Philipp Fürst (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7951-8042)
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- Benedikt Riedel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9524-8943)
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- Emmett Krupczak
- Pascal Gutjahr (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7980-7285)
- Pranav Sampathkumar
- S. Seunarine (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3272-6896)
- Sam Hori (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2644-5955)
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- M. Stamatikos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7253-8553)
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- Doğa Veske (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4225-0895)
- Lincoln Draper
- Philipp Soldin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-2495)
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- Leonhard Eidenschink
- Martin Wolf
- Giacomo Sommani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0094-826X)
- Laurent Arnaud (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8077-8394)
- Szabolcs Márka (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3957-1324)
- Xinyue Kang
- Yasutsugu Morii
- Alina Kochocki (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3782-0128)
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- Krijn de Vries
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- N. Rad (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5204-0851)
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- Alfonso García (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3789-5920)
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- M. Ahlers (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0709-5631)
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- William Luszczak
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- J. L. Kelley (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0846-4542)
- Robert Young (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2528-2588)
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- Summer Blot (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1089-3001)
- Maxwell Nakos
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- Ludwig Neste (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4829-3469)
- Nick Schmeisser
- Lucas Witthaus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0666-3671)
- Anke Mosbrugger
- Eliot Genton (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5263-972X)
- Teresa Pernice
- Patrick Schaile
- Martin Langgård Ravn (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6872-8603)
- Leonardo Ricca (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1638-0610)
- Anil Kumar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4699-3178)
- L. Lu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3175-7770)
- Shuo Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2967-790X)
- Andrew Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2889-6184)
- Li Ruohan
- Yang Lyu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0510-828X)
- Nobuhiro Shimizu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6857-1772)
- Yukiho Kobayashi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5680-6614)
- Abdul Rehman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3658-4913)
- Andreas Weindl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4929-6191)
- Shiqi Yu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6136-5183)
- Wenjie Hou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3422-7185)
- Samyak Jain (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7455-782X)
- Justin Mitchell
- J. Becker Tjus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1748-7367)
- Christoph Günther (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7667-6304)
- Riya Shah (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2829-1260)
- Serap Tilav
- Zsuzsa Márka
- Najia Moureen Binte Amin
- Robert Snihur
- Arifa Khatee Zathul
- Kotoyo Hoshina
- Sebastian Vergara Carrasco
- Stephanie Hickford
- A. Søgaard (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0823-056X)
- Sally Robertson
- D. Seckel
- Albrecht Karle
- Juliana Stachurska (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0238-5608)
- G. T. Przybylski
- Darren Grant
- Ryan Bay
- Jakob van Santen
- Alex Olivas
- Juan Pablo Yáñez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5373-2569)
- T. DeYoung (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-3783)
- Delia Tosi
- Dan Hooper (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2456-1221)
- Katherine Rawlins
- Torsten Schmidt
- Timo Stürwald
- M. U. Nisa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6859-3944)
- Todor Stanev
- Andrii Terliuk
- Gwenhaël de Wasseige
- Martin Ha Minh
- Elisa Resconi
- Brian Clark
- H. Schieler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2637-4778)
- Ralph Engel
- Ioana Codrina Mariş (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5771-1124)
- Christian Spiering
- G. B. Yu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0615-8082)
- Lilly Pyras
- James Beatty
- Dominik Elsässer
- Nahee Park
- Pavel Zhelnin
- Alba Domi
- Simona Toscano
- L. Gerhardt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0166-5162)
- Gabriel Collin
- Manish Khanal
- John Hardin
- Juanan Aguilar
- Johannes Werthebach
- Matti Jansson
- Steven W. Barwick
- Jim Braun
- Enrico Ellinger
- Dave Besson
- Rebecca Corley
- C. Walck
- Xianwu Xu
- Alan Coleman
- Nora Feigl
- Jessie Thwaites
- Jim Madsen
- Chris Wendt
- Elizabeth Warrick
- Marcos Santander
- Richard Naab
- Miriam Neumann
- Jiyuan Liao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6250-4765)
- N. van Eijndhoven (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5558-3328)
- T. Ruhe (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4080-9563)
- Per Arne Sevle Myhr
- Zoe Brisson-Tsavoussis
- Shoukat Ali
- Ramy Hmaid
- Sonke Schwirn
- Leo Seen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9204-0241)
- Grace Sanger-Johnson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4463-2902)
- Marco Scarnera
- Stephen DiKerby (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2633-2196)
- Joe Baines-Holmes
- Lene van Rootselaar
- Thomas Delmeulle
- Hani KimKu
- Lars Marten
- A. Thakuri
- Steven Eulig
- Logan Molchany
- Despina Mousadi
- Vaidehi Poojyam
- Ian Reistroffer
- Brandon Henke
- Emile Moyaux
- Lasse Dueser
Publication Details
- Published
- 2025-09-24
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.22323/1.501.1122
- Primary Topic
- Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- National Science Foundation
- U.S. Department of Energy
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Nvidia
- Michigan State University
- Villum Fonden
- Polarforskningssekretariatet
- Marquette University
- Western Canada Research Grid
- European Commission
- National Research Foundation
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
- Belgian Federal Science Policy Office
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
- Vetenskapsrådet
- RWTH Aachen University
- Chiba University
- Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics
- Alliance de recherche numérique du Canada
- College of Engineering, Michigan State University
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Marsden Fund
- Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University
- Office of Polar Programs
- Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure
- Office of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research