Utilization of nano-silica from Equisetum sp. - A pathway to sustainable agriculture, economic development and insights into toxicological safety

This review aims to assess the potential applications of nano-silica derived from Equisetum sp. in agriculture. It aims to implement sustainable farming practices to address environmental and economic challenges. The study investigates the effectiveness of nano-silica as a transformative tool for smart delivery systems in fertilizers, pest control and cleaning pollution. A comprehensive review of literature to synthesize and characterize nano-silica from Equisetum sp. through eco-friendly green synthesis methods. Techniques such as acid and alkali treatments and calcination were highlighted for their efficiency and sustainability. The review also evaluated nano-silica pathways in plants, mechanisms of action and its integration into agricultural technologies. Its application in wastewater treatment demonstrated efficacy in removing heavy metals like cadmium and lead. Additionally, nano-silica based smart delivery systems improved efficiency, minimized environmental impacts and reduced input costs. Economically, nano-silica promotes postharvest preservation and supports the circular economy through recycling agricultural waste. Equisetum-based nano-silica is highly economical and a resource-efficient alternative for the advancement of sustainable agriculture systems by increasing resistance to stress factors in crops, maintaining soil quality and reducing contaminants. However, there are still issues in supplying, safety testing and cost of mass production of these materials. Future research should address these gaps to fully harness nano-silica potential in precision farming and sustainable food systems.