ANALYSIS OF THE EFFICIENCY AND PERSPECTIVES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF POWER PLANTS OF LAND TRANSPORT

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the efficiency and prospects for the development of land transport power plants in the context of global challenges of climate change, energy transformation and the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. The authors consider the key role of the transport sector as one of the main sources of greenhouse gases, emphasizing the need to modernize internal combustion engines (ICE) and introduce alternative technologies taking into account international environmental standards. Particular attention is paid to hybrid power plants that combine a traditional ICE and an electric drive, which provides reduced fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions, especially in urban traffic conditions. As part of the work, a patent analysis of global trends in the development of transport technologies for the period 2010–2022 was performed. The results indicate a significant increase in the number of patents in the field of electric vehicles and hybrid plants, which indicates a shift of the global vector of innovations towards environmentally friendly solutions. At the same time, patent activity in the diesel and gasoline directions is decreasing, which confirms the gradual loss of relevance of traditional power systems. The NEDC driving cycle simulation was applied for the Volkswagen Golf in three configurations: gasoline, hybrid and electric. The models cover calculations of drag forces, power, fuel consumption, energy recovery and CO₂ emissions. The results obtained demonstrate the best environmental efficiency of the electric version when using "green" electricity (on the example of Berlin), while the hybrid version turned out to be optimal in regions with a high share of coal generation (on the example of Warsaw and Kyiv). The potential of using hydrogen additives to fuel as one of the directions for reducing toxic emissions and increasing the energy efficiency of hybrid systems was also analyzed. The conducted study allows us to formulate scientifically based criteria for choosing the type of power plant depending on regional energy supply conditions, environmental requirements, technological readiness of the infrastructure and long-term economic efficiency of vehicle operation.