Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Prevention

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a frequently injured knee structure, causing significant clinical, social and economic burdens due to high incidence, prolonged recovery and long-term sequelae like post-traumatic osteoarthritis. This study explores the ACL injuries pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and rehabilitation. Epidemiologically, the young active populations, especially female athletes and adolescents, are disproportionately affected, with 7080% of injuries from non-contact mechanisms (e.g., awkward landings). Pathogenically, the risks stem from anatomical, neuromuscular, hormonal and extrinsic (sport, fatigue) factors. Diagnosis uses a multimodal approach: patient history, physical exams (e.g., Lachman test), MRI (the gold standard), and emerging the AI tools. Prevention relies on evidence-based programs (FIFA 11+, PEP) targeting modifiable risks. Rehabilitation follows phase-oriented, criterion-based protocols, integrating physical training and psychological support to reduce 25% re-injury risk. Despite advancements, challenges like osteoarthritis and uneven prevention implementation remain. This study emphasizes personalized interventions and interdisciplinary collaboration to mitigate ACL injury burdens.